In this article, we will briefly talk about the basic concepts of anatomy. In particular, we will figure out what role various human organs play, the arrangement of which will be given separately.
This information will be useful to schoolchildren, as well as those who need to restore the basics of human structure in memory.
The concepts of "organ" - "apparatus" - "system"
Further in the article we will analyze the structural features of the human body, but for now it’s worth deciding on the conceptual apparatus. In principle, for a thorough understanding of the following information, acquaintance with the three terms will suffice.
So, an organ is a combination of various cells and tissues in the body that perform strictly defined functions. From the ancient Greek language this word is translated as “tool”.
From the point of view of medicine and biology, an organ is a collection of cells and tissues only under the condition of their embryological relationship and a stable position within the body.
Further, when we will analyze the human organs, the scheme will help to navigate in their placement in the body.
The next concept worth talking about is the "organ system." This is a specific group of organs of our body that has embryological and anatomical affinity, and is also functionally combined.
The literal understanding of the definition is important here. Because the next term, in fact, is a stripped-down version of the previous one.
So, the apparatus is a single group of organs that are united by a single executable function. Unlike the previous concept, this is the only thing that determines their relationship. They have neither anatomical nor embryonic relationship.
Musculoskeletal system
To begin to study the anatomical structure of the body is most appropriate with the musculoskeletal system. In this case, we are faced with the third term, which was discussed above.
Here we are dealing with the results of such sciences as osteology, syndesmology and myology.
In fact, this apparatus includes the entire set of bones, tendons, joints and somatic muscles. They are responsible not only for the proportions of the body and its shape, but also for facial expressions, movements and locomotion.
As you have seen, the human organs (the scheme was given above) use this device as a support.
The cardiovascular system
Next, we will touch on the internal structure of the body and partially external. It is important to make a reservation here that, like the musculoskeletal system, the cardiovascular system is one of the most important for human life support.
It provides blood circulation through arteries and veins, and also delivers oxygen and nutrients to cells. In addition, carbon dioxide and other waste products from the cells of our body are removed through the bloodstream.
If you look closely, veins and capillaries entangle all the organs of a person. The scheme of the cardiovascular system is similar to a cobweb of large and small vessels.
The main organ of this system is the heart, which, like a perpetual motion machine, continuously pumps blood through the vessels. The operating time of this organ depends on the health and natural resource of the body.
Poor nutrition, ecology, genetics and constant stress lead to the fact that the walls of blood vessels become thinner and internal cavities become clogged with slag. As a consequence of this behavior, diseases such as hypertension and cardiovascular problems occur. In the future, this leads to death.
Lymphatic system
A very interesting science is anatomy. The structure of man opens his eyes to many physiological, and with them to psychological processes. So, for example, the lymphatic system. It is very similar to cardiovascular. But, unlike the latter, the lymphatic system does not close, and it does not have such a unique organ as the heart.
It consists of vessels, capillaries, trunks, ducts and nodes. Lymph under slight natural pressure slowly moves through the hollow tubes. With the help of this liquid, waste products that could not be utilized by the circulatory system are removed.
In fact, lymph is a drainage system for removing fluid from body tissues. Outflow occurs in the veins. Thus, the entire circuit of blood plasma in the body is finally closed.
Nervous system
Everything that studies anatomy (human structure, functioning of organs, various processes in the body) is regulated by the nervous system.
It consists of central and peripheral departments. The first includes the spinal cord and brain, and the second - nerves, roots, plexuses and ganglia, as well as nerve endings.
Here the musculoskeletal system plays an important role. The brain is located in the cranial cavity, and the spinal cord descends down the canal inside the spine.
According to the functions performed, the nervous system is divided into vegetative and somatic. The first is responsible for the transmission of impulses between the central departments and internal organs. Whereas the second connects the brain with nerve fibers to the skin and musculoskeletal system.
Next, we'll talk about the endocrine system. Together with the nervous system, they provide uninterrupted communication and regulation of the activity of all body systems without exception. In addition, an important point is the body's ability to respond to external and internal changes that are noticed due to the autonomic and somatic systems.
Sensory system
Earlier, we mentioned the ability of the human body to respond to external stimuli and changes. It is the sensory system that plays the main role in their fixation.
It includes organs such as eyes, ears, skin, tongue, nose. Thanks to the functions for which these parts of the body are responsible, we can deeper and brighter to know the world around us.
In fact, this is the result of the interaction of the peripheral and central structures of our nervous system. For example, an external stimulus acts on the eye, a nerve in this organ perceives changes and sends an impulse to the brain. There, information is processed and compared with signals received from other sources.
As a result of such an operation, we get an idea of what is happening around. Thus, external action is carried out on receptors located on the surface of the body, and internal - by the sensitive nerves that penetrate the tissues. Human anatomy studies not only the structure, but also the interaction of various organs and systems.
In sensory perception, variables such as sound, taste, temperature, pressure, light flare, and visual images are defined. Assistance in fixing data to the nervous system is provided by “analyzers”. This is the whole complex of formations on the surface and inside the body, which works as a sensor.
Thanks to research in this area, health sciences have emerged that are able to correct and repair disorders in our body. Indeed, without comparing our feelings, we would be just separate beings without a common worldview.
Endocrine system
Together with the nervous system, it performs the functions of internal regulation and sensation of the environment. In addition, the endocrine system is responsible for homeostasis, emotional reactions, mental activity, as well as the growth, development and puberty of the body.
If you look at the structure of the human body, you can see only part of this system. The main organs are the following glands: thyroid, pancreas, adrenal glands, testicles (ovaries), pituitary, thymus and pineal gland.
Like the nervous system, the endocrine system is divided into two systems. The first is called glandular, consists of the above glands and produces hormones from these organs. The second - diffuse - is scattered throughout the body. It looks like individual endocrine cells that produce aglandular hormones.
Reproductive system
In our next topic, we will have to discuss separately the male and female reproductive systems. In principle, the reproductive system is responsible for only one function - human reproduction. During intercourse, the conception of a fetus is possible, which subsequently turns into a child.
The male reproductive system is located in the pelvic area and is completely located outside the body. It includes the penis and testicles. These are glands and muscle tissue. Human anatomy mainly differs only in the systems responsible for fertilization, birth and gestation. The main function of the male system is the production of sperm and androgens.
The female reproductive system is different from the male. It has both external and internal organs. The first includes the large and small labia, the glands on them, as well as the entrance to the vagina and clitoris. The second includes the ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina.
But the female reproductive system is divided. If the male is located only in the pelvic area, then women also have its thoracic section. The mammary glands play a very important role in the process of feeding the baby.
urinary system
At the beginning of the article, a general diagram of the structure of human organs was shown. If you look closely, you will notice that the bulk of the internal organs are in the abdominal cavity. Now we will talk about the urinary system, which is completely located in the pelvic area.
So, just like the reproductive system, the urinary system is different in men and women. We will not repeat the structure of most organs, we will only touch on those that participate exclusively within the framework of the functioning of this system.
In a basic understanding, it is necessary for the accumulation and removal of foreign and toxic compounds, products of nitrogen metabolism and an excess of various substances through the urine. This system includes a pair of kidneys, ureters, the urethra and the bladder.
In addition to the above function, it is also inherent in participation in the metabolism of proteins and carbohydrates, the production of various biologically active compounds, as well as the adjustment of the water-salt balance and, as a result, the maintenance of homeostasis.
Digestive system
If you carefully look at the structure of the internal organs that make up this system, you will notice that once they were one tube. In the course of evolution, various departments responsible for the stages of digestion were formed.
So, this system includes the gastrointestinal tract with various auxiliary organs. It consists of the oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines. Auxiliary functions are performed by the liver, pancreas and salivary glands, gall bladder and other organs.
The function of the digestive system, as the name implies, is to extract and deliver nutrients from food to the cells of the body. The process consists of several stages: mechanical processing of food, chemical processing, absorption, digestion and waste disposal.
Respiratory system
In the respiratory system, the structure of the internal organs is somewhat similar to the previous, digestive. There are breathing tubes, which, like the esophagus, are covered from the inside with a mucous membrane with glands and blood vessels. Thanks to this device, air entering from the outside acquires an optimum temperature for the body.
In winter, cold air warms up, and in summer it cools down due to specific processes in this system. In addition, the air also undergoes cleaning from various impurities that were in the atmosphere during inspiration.
The respiratory system consists of two sections - the upper and lower. The first includes the nasopharynx and nasal cavity, the second - the larynx, bronchi and trachea.
Integumentary system
The structure of the human body is thought out by nature to the smallest detail. So, the integumentary system is responsible for protecting the body from temperature extremes, damage, drying out, the penetration of toxins and pathogens.
This system consists of skin (epithelium and dermis) and derivatives: hair, nails, sweat, sebaceous glands.
The immune system
If the previous system protected the body from external interference, then this protects against aggression of another kind. Nature has created the perfect body structure. Internal organs that perform the functions necessary for life are protected by several lines of defense.
We talked about the outside before, and the inside is the immune system. Its main task is to protect the body from pathogens and tumors. This system includes the thymus, lymphoid tissue, lymph nodes, and spleen.
Thus, in this article, we briefly touched on the structure of the body, as well as the location of organs in various systems of the human body.