The ability to write correctly is extremely important for an educated person. Even without knowing school rules by heart, Russian people are able to intuitively select the right letters in words and correctly place commas in sentences. However, sometimes you still need to refresh this information. For example, to help a child with a difficult task at school or not to make a mistake in a serious report. The most important element of the syntax and grammar of the Russian language are the separate members of the sentence. What is it? What rules do you need to remember? Let's figure it out.
Which members of the proposal will be discussed?
Separate members of the proposal are called, first of all, participial and participial turnovers. Both the sacrament and the participle are special forms of the verb. The sacrament denotes the attribute of an object by action, and the participle is an action supplementing the main verb, that is, the predicate. Turnovers with these offer members are named so because they are a separate definition and a separate circumstance, respectively. Let us consider in more detail these parts of speech.
Participle
Type of separate members of a sentence - separate definitions, or participles. Communion, as stated earlier, is a form of the verb. Therefore, it always contains some kind of action. Otherwise, it is very similar to an adjective. Depending on who performs the indicated action, the sacrament can be real and suffering. In actual communion, the action is performed by a person capable of it (boy, girl, doctor), and in passive communion, the action is performed on something, that is, on an object. Among these types of participles, the past and present participles are distinguished. Consider the examples of the separate members of the sentence - participles.
Examples of participles
Family Supper at the Table: Supper is the real participle of the present. The person performing the action, in this case, is the family. She is having dinner at the moment, in the present tense. For this type of participles, in addition to the presented suffix -sc, other suffixes are also characteristic: -osc, -sc and -sc. The choice of suffix depends on the conjugation of the verb from which the participle is formed. For example, running (the verb "run" - 1 conjugation); asking (the verb "ask" - 2 conjugation); screaming ("screaming" - 2 conjugations).
Farmer who worked on the field: the “laborer” is the true participle of the past tense. The farmer himself worked some time ago. In this case, the suffix -sh is also possible. For example, a leaked roof.
A ship visible from afar: present is the passive participle of the present. Someone currently sees the ship, so the ship is visible. The suffix of the present tense formed from the conjugation verb 1 is also characterized by suffixes -em and -om, but the suffix -om is quite rare. For example, a film shot by an operator.
Previous article: Passive past participle. The article was reviewed by someone a while ago. Depending on the conjugation of the verb, the suffixes -onn, -enn and -nn are also used.
Verbal adjectives
However, to correctly write and use the participles, you need to know what verbal adjectives are. They are very similar to the sacraments, but unlike them, they are not isolated secondary members of the sentence. When writing texts, as well as punctuation marks, it is important to be able to distinguish the passive past participles (suffixes -enn, -onn, -nn) from verbal adjectives. This type of participles is formed from verbs of a perfect form (the question "what to do?"), While verbal adjectives are formed from verbs of an imperfect form ("what to do?"). At the same time, adjectives are written, in contrast to participles, with one letter "H". However, when performing tasks on separate members of a sentence, problems with spelling and syntax often arise.
Take, for example, the imperfective verb "knit." The word "knitted" (sweater) is a verbal adjective. The difficulty is that with the help of some of the transformations below, it can be turned into a participle.
Converting a verb adjective to a participle
Ways:
- Add to the adjective any prefix except (not). For example, the prefix c-: “connected” (sweater). The word connected is already a participle. The same can be said about the word “tied up” (knot). In these participles, since they are passive past tense, two letters "n" are written. It is worth paying attention to the fact that the words “tie” and “tie” are perfect verbs, that is, you cannot form a verb adjective from them. Bringing the original verb to its perfect form is also a method of converting the adjective to the verb. For example, we replace the “oven” (what should I do?) With “bake” (what should I do?) And form the word “baked” from it. We have received the passive past participle.
- Add dependent words to the verb adjective. Then the adjective will turn into a participle and, together with the words dependent on it, form a separate member of the sentence - the participle turnover. For example, knitted (sweater) or tightly knotted (knot). It is important to remember that if a verb adjective becomes a participle, it contains two letters "n" in the suffix.
How, in this case, is it correct to place punctuation marks with separate members of a sentence?
Punctuation marks for stand-alone definitions
Let's consider some cases.
- The participial turnover is after the defined word. The word being defined is the one from which the question is being asked. For example, in the sentence “The boy who noticed an interesting bird on the tree ran to look at it better” the word “boy” is definable. Boy - which one? - Noticing an interesting bird on a tree. Thus, the participle located after the word being defined is always highlighted with commas.
- Sacrament stands in front of a defined word. Consider the following sentence: "The criminal who escaped through the forest did not manage to hide from the police." The designated word is “criminal”. What is he like? Running through the forest. The participial turnover in this case is not isolated.
- Single communion. It is most often located in front of a defined word and indicates its sign in action. In this case, you do not need to put commas. Example sentence: "The hidden baby ran to the call of his parents."
- A few participles. In this case, punctuation is a bit more complicated. However, if you remember the rules for setting commas for homogeneous terms of the sentence, you can easily cope with the task. For example: "A student who was upset about the incident but didn’t show it to the others returned home in a bad mood."
So, we figured out how to isolate the members of the sentence, expressed in participle circulation. When placing punctuation marks, the ability to find a specific word is extremely important. In order to correctly determine the place of a comma in the participle, you need to find the word to be determined, the participle (or several), and then determine their location relative to each other. It is worth noting that the sentence with both participial and participial circulation contains two (or more) actions that are most often performed by the subject (predicate and additional term of the sentence).
Now consider the following form of separate specifying terms of the sentence - germs.
Communion
The participles are immutable parts of speech and denote an additional action to the verb-predicate. The participles, or isolated circumstances, spread and complicate the proposal, adding additional action to it. Unlike the sacraments, this type of separate members of the sentence is divided into only two types: the participles of the perfect form and the imperfect.
Types of participles
We know that such a property as “appearance” is inherent in verbs. Despite the fact that both participles and participles are special forms of the verb, this attribute is “inherited” only by participles. So, the participles formed from the imperfective verb answer the question “what are you doing?”, And the participles of the perfect form answer the question “what are you doing?”. It is important to remember that germs have no endings. For the first species, the characters suffixes -a, -i; and for the second - suffixes -in, -shi, -lice. Let's look at some examples.
Examples of participles and participles
To the question "what are you doing?" the following participles respond: “reading” (textbook), “considering” (poster), “not noticing” (danger), “spreading” (rumors), “hearing” (strange sound). They are formed from imperfective verbs. It is worth noting that the germs also retain such signs of the original verbs as transitivity and recurrence. For example, from the reflexive verb "to return", the reflexive participle of the imperfect form "returning" is formed.
To the question "what have you done?" the following participles are responsible: “running away” (from the pursuer), “telling” (history), “having chosen love” (place). The given participles are formed respectively from verbs of a perfect form. The suffix “lice”, like “shi”, is most often found in returnable adverbial participles of a perfect form. For example, "located" (in a hotel).
Separate commas
The participles and most participles are always marked with commas in the sentence. The participle turnover can take place both before the predicate verb and after it.
For example: "Forgetting her promise, she went for a walk with friends." Or: "Reading an interesting book, a person enters the magical world of his fantasies."
However, in this case there are exceptions.
In what cases are participles not isolated?
- The participle is a stable expression, that is, phraseological unit: "He performed his work through the sleeves."
- Union I. is located in front of the turn. For example: "He was thinking about his behavior and getting ready for bed."
- Such participles as “beginning”, “proceeding”, “looking” and some others sometimes lose their verb meaning and become similar to prepositions. In this case, the ad-participatory turnover is not separated by commas: "I found out on the basis of last year’s report."
- The sentence contains one more (or several) circumstance related to the same word as the sacrament: "Shamefully and without raising his eyes, he stands before his teacher."
- Some simple adverbs ("silently", "sitting", "lying" and others) do not stand out with commas.
Examples from works of art
M. I. Bulgakov, “The Master and Margarita” (participle turnover):
A childless thirty-year-old Margarita was the wife of a very large specialist, who also made a major discovery of national importance.
L. N. Tolstoy, "War and Peace" (adverbial turnover):
The youth of the Rostovs' house, having returned from the theater, having dinner, sat at the clavichord.
N.V. Gogol, “The Examiner” (participatory turnover):
Gorodnichny: One of them, for example, this one that has a fat face ... I can’t remember his last name, can’t do without having gone up to the pulpit to make a grimace, that’s it (makes a grimace), and then starts with a hand from under a tie to iron your beard.
J.K. Rowling, Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone (sacrament):
His excitement intensified with every minute, because the people standing on the platform began to cast strange looks at him - probably, it was all about the Bookle.
E. M. Remarque, “Three Comrades” (participatory circulation):
He disassembled the car like a pocket watch, and fiddled with it for several months in a row, sometimes remaining in the workshop until late at night.
M. A. Sholokhov, "Quiet Flows the Don" (participle circulation):
Dressed in a green woolen skirt, Aksinya brought him a horse.
V. Yu. Dragunsky, "Deniskins Stories": "Healthy Thought" (participles in revolutions):
He spun back and forth and threw him, he jumped and rushed forward, then lingering for a short while, and then giving a hundred knots per hour.
So, in this article we got acquainted with the special members of the proposal - isolated circumstances and definitions. Knowing the rules for writing them and placing punctuation marks with them, you can accurately perform exercises on separate members of a sentence. Indeed, literacy is the most important skill of an educated person. Good luck in learning the Russian language!