Blood is the main fluid of the internal environment of the body, and therefore it has many functions: respiratory, nutritional, transport, and many others. For their implementation, it has an incredibly complex structure.
And these are not only uniform elements, but also many carrier proteins (albumin, haptoglobin, transferrin), coagulation factors (FI-FXIII), as well as complement systems, body buffer systems, etc. In order for all its components to interact, while not interfering with each other, and also maintain their integrity and activity, this tissue has many constants that support it in a liquid state. So, for constant
oncotic pressure , a strict amount of proteins is needed, to maintain the acid-base balance, blood buffer systems, osmotic properties, the electrolyte balance of various ions - sodium, potassium, chlorine, magnesium and calcium. The ratio of coagulation and anticoagulation systems is also extremely important, for this
coagulation factors are unnecessarily in an inactive phase. Temperature affects the state of proteins, and the partial pressure of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide) demonstrates the degree of respiratory function.
Composition
Buffer systems of blood plasma are the main defenders for maintaining pH, since it is with its specific indicators that many chemical reactions can occur. To help them, carbon dioxide is released by the lungs and metabolites by the kidneys.
But it is the blood buffer systems - this is the so-called the first line of defense at the slightest change in other indicators of constancy. They consist of two equivalent components - a donor and an acceptor of protons, due to the ratio of the work of which they can both alkalize and oxidize the medium. There are only 4 blood buffer systems in the human body: bicarbonate (Na / KHCO3 acceptor + H2CO3 donor), phosphate (H2PO4 donor + acceptor in the form of its sodium or potassium salt), hemoglobin (the donor is hemoglobin itself / its oxygen binding form, and the acceptor is conjugated compounds - hemoglobin / oxyhemoglobin). And also plasma proteins, which can equally act as bases and as acids, have variable properties. Thus, blood buffer systems maintain a pH in the average range of 7.35 (in veins) and 7.40 (in arteries).
PH value
With any disease, metabolic processes in the body are disturbed, manifested in the blood by the development of alkalosis (the predominance of an alkaline environment) or acidosis (acid). This affects the shaped elements, destabilizing their cell membranes and proteins, disrupting their structure. Thus, normal chemical reactions cease and pathological ones start: enhanced blood coagulation, activation of the immune response to own cells, and, in particular, a negative effect on the central nervous system (causes encephalopathy). This leads to the development of complications and worsening of the course of the disease, and what is most dangerous, can trigger the mechanisms of
impaired patient
consciousness up to the development of a
coma.