What are physical qualities? We will consider the answer to this question in the presented article. In addition, we will tell you about what types of physical qualities exist, and what is their role in human life.
general information
Under the physical qualities of a person is understood socially determined aggregates of his psychological and biological properties. In other words, physical qualities are the willingness of people to carry out some kind of motor activity (often active). It should be especially noted that they differ from other personality traits only in that they appear during the solution of motor tasks with the help of motor actions.
Physical abilities
What are physical qualities? Now you know the answer to the question. But, considering such properties of a person, one cannot mention his abilities. So, by physical abilities we understand acquired or innate functional, as well as relatively stable capabilities of the structures of the body and its organs, the interaction of which leads to the effective implementation of motor actions.
What are the reasons for?
The above ideas about the physical qualities and abilities of a person allow you to do the following:
- The basis for the education of such properties, first of all, is the development of the physical abilities of a person. It should also be noted that the more they are developed, the more stable they are in solving certain problems (motor).
- The development of physical abilities depends on the innate makings of a person, which determine the individual capabilities and functions of the structures of the body or individual organs. The more reliable their interaction, the more stable the expression of the corresponding abilities.
- The education of the physical qualities of a person is achieved by solving various motor tasks. As for physical abilities, they develop through the implementation of certain motor tasks.
Characterization of the physical qualities of a person
As you know, absolutely anyone can easily learn to ride a bicycle or ice skate. However, this does not mean at all that everyone is able to drive 100 km on a two-wheeled friend or run 10,000 meters on slippery ice. Such actions can be fully implemented only by those who have well-developed strength, endurance, speed, agility and flexibility. It is with these words that the physical physical qualities of a person are designated .
It should be especially noted that without the sufficient development of such properties, an athlete cannot dream of any successes and achievements. His basic physical qualities develop during regular training, as well as in various exercises. Moreover, this or that physical fitness depends on the degree of their intensity and orientation . Thus, the diversified development of all qualities is called general, and necessary only in a particular sport - special training.
Man power
As a physical quality, strength is determined through a combination of certain abilities that provide a measure of the impact of a person on external objects or objects.
As a rule, people's power abilities manifest themselves only through the force of action (measured in kilograms), which, in turn, develops due to muscle tension. Its manifestations to one degree or another depend on such external and internal factors as the amount of burdens, the location of the body, as well as its individual elements in space, and on the functional state of the muscle tissues of a person and his mental state.
By the way, it is the location of the body and its individual links in space that allows you to influence the magnitude of the force. This occurs due to the different stretching of muscle tissue with different postures of a person. In other words, the more muscles are stretched, the greater the magnitude of the force.
Among other things, the physical quality of the force, or rather its manifestation, depends on the ratio of respiration and phases of movement. Its greatest value is determined by straining, and the smallest by inspiration.
Types of forces
Strength can be absolute or relative. The first is determined without taking into account body weight by maximum indicators of muscle tension. As for the second, such a force is calculated as the ratio of the absolute value to its own body mass.
Ways to develop abilities
The degree of manifestation of strength abilities depends on the number of muscle tissues that are involved in the work, as well as on the features of their contractions. In accordance with this, 2 methods of their development are distinguished:
- Using all kinds of exercises with maximum effort. Such tasks involve the performance of certain motor actions with near-ultimate or ultimate burdens. This method allows you to maximize the mobilization of the neuromuscular apparatus and give the greatest increase in strength abilities.
- The use of various exercises with unsaturated weights. This method is characterized by performing certain motor actions with the greatest possible number of repetitions. This happens with small weights. This method allows you to perform a huge amount of work and provide accelerated muscle growth. It should also be noted that unsaturated weights are not able to impede the control of the motion technique. With this mode of operation, the result is achieved over time.
Human stamina
Physical quality endurance is determined through a combination of certain abilities, as well as maintaining long work in different power zones (moderate, large, near-ultimate and maximum load). In this case, each zone is inherent only with its own special complex of reactions of the structures of the body and its organs.
The duration of mechanical work before fatigue is divided into 3 phases:
- Initial fatigue.
- Compensated.
- Decompensated.
The first phase is characterized as the appearance of initial signs of fatigue. The second - as progressively deepening fatigue, namely, maintaining the already existing intensity of work by partially changing the structure of the motor process (for example, decreasing the length or increasing the pace of steps when running), as well as additional volitional efforts. The third phase is a high degree of fatigue, which leads to a noticeable decrease in the intensity of work until its complete cessation.
Types of endurance
In practice and the theory of physical education, endurance is divided into:
Special endurance is characterized by the duration of the work, which, in turn, depends on the degree of fatigue and problem solving (motor). As for the general, it means the long-term performance of work with the connection of all life-supporting structures of the body and organs.
Special Stamina Classification
Almost all basic physical qualities have their own types and subspecies. So, special endurance is classified according to the following criteria:
- motor action, with the help of which motor tasks are solved (for example, hopping endurance);
- motor activity, in the conditions of which motor tasks are solved (for example, game endurance);
- interaction with other physical qualities that are essential for the successful solution of motor tasks.
Endurance training
Human endurance is brought up by solving motor tasks that require the mobilization of biological and mental processes at the end of the previous phase or compensatory fatigue. Such conditions should provide several options for working with a changing structure of motor action and loads.
The main thing in the development of endurance is the method of regulated exercise, which allows you to accurately set the volume and magnitude of the load. In pauses for rest, athletes usually perform tasks for relaxing muscles, breathing, as well as developing joint mobility.
With submaximal loads, endurance should be developed only after coordination exercises. Intervals for rest, the duration and number of such exercises should be correlated with the type of previous work.
Human speed
Physical quality speed is expressed by a combination of speed abilities, which include:
- single movement speed, which is not burdened by external resistance;
- the speed of motor reactions;
- frequency or pace of movement.
Most of the physical abilities that characterize speed, with their constituent elements, are included in other physical qualities, including the quality of dexterity. The speed is developed by solving various motor tasks, the success of which is determined by the minimum amount of time allotted for their implementation.
The choice of training exercises of such a quality requires the observance of certain methodological provisions (high mastery of the technique of motor action, the optimal state of the body, which ensures the high performance of the athlete).
Considering such a physical quality, one cannot but mention the speed of the motor reaction. It is characterized by a minimum duration from the supply of a certain signal to the beginning of the movement. In turn, such complex reactions are divided into reactions of a moving object and choice. The latter is a response by some movement to the signals. The conditions for the upbringing of this quality are high emotionality and increased human performance, as well as the desire to complete the task to obtain the maximum possible result.
Human agility
Dexterity as a physical quality is expressed by a combination of coordination abilities and the ability to perform certain motor actions with a given range of motion. Such a property is brought up in athletes by means of his training in motor actions, as well as finding solutions to motor problems that require constant changes in the principle of action.
With the development of dexterity, the novelty of the task being studied and the methods of its application are a prerequisite. In turn, this element is supported by the coordination complexity of the action, as well as the creation of such external conditions that make the exercise difficult.
What is coordination ability?
Such abilities are associated with the ability to control movements in space and include:
- spatial orientation;
- dynamic and static equilibrium;
- the accuracy of the reproduction of certain movements by force, time and spatial parameters.
Spatial orientation is the preservation of ideas about changes in external conditions or current situations. Also, this element implies the ability to rebuild motor actions in accordance with existing changes. In this case, the athlete should not just respond to the external environment. He is obliged to take into account its dynamics of change and carry out a forecast of upcoming events, and only on the basis of this should he build his program of actions, which is aimed at achieving the necessary result.
Reproduction of temporal, power and spatial parameters of movements, as a rule, is manifested in the accuracy of certain motor processes. Their development is carried out by improving sensitive mechanisms.
Static equilibrium is manifested with prolonged preservation of certain postures of the athlete. As for the dynamic, on the contrary, it is characterized by the preservation of the direction of movement with continuously changing poses.
Human flexibility
Flexibility is a person’s ability to perform motor actions with a certain amplitude. This quality is characterized by the degree of mobility in the joints, as well as the state of muscle tissue.
Poorly developed flexibility significantly complicates the coordination of movements and limits the spatial movements of the body and its parts.
Types of flexibility and its development
Distinguish between active and passive flexibility. The first is expressed by the amplitude of movements that occur due to the tension of their own muscle tissues that serve a particular joint. The second flexibility is also determined by the amplitude, but already the actions performed under the direct influence of any external forces. Moreover, its value is always more active. Indeed, under the influence of fatigue, active flexibility decreases markedly, and passive, on the contrary, increases.
Flexibility is developed using the repeated method, that is, when all stretching exercises are performed in series. In this case, the active and passive look are developed in parallel.
To summarize
Physical qualities are those qualities of a person that develop through intense and regular workloads. Moreover, such loads can have a double effect, namely:
- increase resistance to oxygen starvation;
- increase the power of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems.
In the process of educating any physical quality, a person necessarily influences all the others. By the way, the magnitude and nature of this influence depends on two reasons: the level of physical fitness and the characteristics of the loads used.
It should also be noted that the development of the abilities presented at the initial stages of classes often leads to the improvement of others. However, in the future it stops. Thus, during exercises that previously influenced the development of all qualities, now only some of them will be affected. For this reason, the incompatible task is to simultaneously achieve maximum endurance and strength indicators (for example, running a marathon and lifting a lot of weight). Although it should be borne in mind that the highest degree of manifestation of one physical quality can be achieved only with the development of the rest.