To plan an interesting, informative lesson, the teacher needs to set clear goals. Moreover, they must be real for students of a particular class. Based on them, the material is selected, the most appropriate methods, means. Thus, the didactic goal of the lesson becomes the starting point for the organization of the lesson and the result that should be obtained at the exit.
Definition
In Ushakov’s dictionary, the goal is understood as the limit or what a person strives for. The didactic goals and objectives of the lesson are set in the process of preliminary forecasting. This is the desired result, which is not only necessary, but also possible to achieve in the time allotted for one lesson. However, sometimes one goal can be set for several lessons. The main thing is that it be concrete and verifiable.
Further, the main goal is divided into smaller tasks. They are solved by changing activities at different stages of the lesson. For example, at the beginning of the lesson, the teacher spends the organizational moment, setting up students for work. The next task may be the updating of supporting knowledge through oral questioning or exercise. The main thing is that the structure of the lesson is logical and aimed at achieving the planned result.
Goal Classification
Traditionally, in pedagogy there was an idea of the trinity of the pedagogical goal, in which at the same time there are educational, developing and educational aspects. Thus, each lesson should:
- to educate children, giving them a system of theoretical knowledge, as well as practical skills;
- to develop the mental abilities of students, their oral and written speech, memory, imagination, self-organization skills;
- to promote the education of moral or aesthetic beliefs, feelings, strong-willed and socially significant qualities (responsibility, accuracy, creative activity, discipline, etc.).
However, another classification of pedagogical goals is currently proposed, as follows:
- The subject-didactic goal of the lesson provides for the deep mastery of the content of a specific academic discipline by students in accordance with the program requirements.
- The meta-objective goal is aimed at the formation of universal educational actions in children (the ability to work with information, express their opinions, engage in dialogue, think logically and creatively, independently plan activities, evaluate its effectiveness).
- The personal goal forms the motivation for learning, individual and civic qualities of schoolchildren, value-semantic attitudes.
Types of lessons on a didactic goal
As we see, in each lesson, the teacher solves a whole range of problems. One of the identified goals becomes the main one for him, while others contribute to its implementation. In traditional pedagogy, the leading place is given to the achievement of educational or substantive results. Depending on them, a classification of lessons has been developed, which are divided into:
- The lesson is the initial acquaintance with the new educational material.
- Lesson to consolidate the learned information.
- Lesson in the application of acquired knowledge and skills.
- The lesson in which the material is systematized and generalized.
- Lesson verification, as well as the correction of knowledge and skills.
- Combined lesson.
Learning New Information
The main didactic goal of a lesson of the first type is to master previously unfamiliar material. It can be a rule or law, properties of an object or phenomenon, a new mode of action.
The standard structure of this lesson consists of the following steps:
- Announcement of the topic of the lesson, motivation for active work.
- Repetition of previously studied information related to the material being studied.
- Acquaintance with a new topic. At this stage, different methods can be used: the teacher’s story, work with the textbook, heuristic conversation, student reports, independent search activity in groups, etc.
- Primary consolidation. Children are offered tasks that are performed collectively.
- Independent work. This stage is optional, but allows the teacher to understand the extent to which students have learned the information.
- Summing up, recording homework to repeat what was learned.
Material Session
We continue to study the classification of lessons according to the didactic goal. After acquaintance with a new topic of knowledge, it is necessary to consolidate, while forming practical skills. The most convenient lesson structure for achieving this objective is:
- Checking homework, during which children recall the material studied.
- Announcement of the topic, creating positive motivation among students.
- Reproduction of material when performing standard exercises.
- Creating a problem requiring the use of knowledge in altered, unusual conditions.
- Summarizing.
- Homework ad.
Lesson of practical application of the studied material
The didactic goal of this type of lesson will be to teach students how to work independently, and also to reproduce their knowledge when solving problems of increased complexity. The structure of the lesson is structured as follows:
- Checking the exercises assigned to the house.
- Announcing the topic of the lesson, explaining its practical benefits, creating a positive attitude towards work.
- Conversation before the independent solution of the proposed tasks, during which the children comprehend their content and an approximate sequence of actions.
- Students individually or in groups perform tasks aimed at achieving the goal (answer to a question, building a schedule, filling out a table, performing calculations, conducting experience, etc.).
- Students together with the teacher generalize and systematize the results.
- Summing up, presenting homework.
Generalization lesson
So that the material studied does not remain a set of disparate facts for children, it is necessary to bring them to the understanding of the laws studied, to identify causal relationships between objects or phenomena. The didactic goal of the lessons of generalization, therefore, is the systematization of the studied knowledge, checking how conscious they are.
The structure of the lesson is as follows:
- Setting educational tasks, motivation of students.
- Reproduction of supporting information on which the theory or pattern being studied is based.
- Analysis of individual events or phenomena, the result of which is a generalization of the concepts passed.
- Deep mastery of the knowledge system through the explanation of new facts, the implementation of atypical exercises.
- The collective formulation of the main ideas or leading theories that underlie the phenomena studied.
- Summarizing.
Verification lesson
Control lessons, as a rule, are conducted after studying a separate topic or a whole section. Their goal is to assess the level of student learning and adjust the work of the teacher. The structure of such an activity can vary significantly depending on the subject.
It is advisable that students be offered tasks of various difficulty levels:
- Exercise on understanding the elementary relationships between the studied objects, reproduction of factual material (events, dates).
- Tasks to explain the basic rules, concepts or laws on the topic, argumentation of one’s own opinion, confirmation by examples.
- Independent solution of standard tasks.
- Testing the ability to use existing knowledge in an unusual situation.
At such lessons dictations, control sections, testing, written and oral questioning are used. In high school, a set-off form is used, when students have to submit a certain amount of work during the year to get a good grade.
Combined Lesson
Most often, in one lesson, the teacher solves several didactic goals. The structure of the lesson in this case may differ in its variability.
The traditional scheme of classes is the following:
- Announcement of the topic of employment.
- Checking the exercises that students performed at home. At the same time, students recall material learned in the last lesson.
- Work with new information.
- Its consolidation through the implementation of practical exercises.
- Summing up and writing in the homework diary.
The didactic goal of the lesson should be set consciously, taking into account the abilities of specific students and the capabilities of their teacher. It is very important to correctly assess the volume of tasks that children will cope with in one lesson. Otherwise, the lesson will not be effective and all participants in the educational process will be disappointed.