In modern medicine, a blood transfusion procedure is still often used . Blood transfusion by blood group is the process of its introduction from a healthy donor to a patient with impaired health (recipient). It requires the implementation of certain rules, and is not without complications. Therefore, this operation is carried out with the utmost concentration of attention from medical personnel.
What is needed at the very beginning?
Before starting the transfusion procedure, the doctor will conduct a survey and the necessary studies. The donor or recipient must have a passport with him, in order to correctly record all the data. If available, a medical professional will examine the patient or donor, he measures blood pressure and identifies possible contraindications.
Transfusion Rules
Blood transfusion by blood groups is carried out taking into account certain fundamentals. Indications for the manipulation, the required dose of transfused fluid are prescribed by a medical specialist on the basis of clinical data and analyzes. The rules of blood transfusion in groups are created for the safety of both the donor and the recipient. The specialist should, regardless of previously received examinations, personally do the following:
- Find out the group according to the ABO system and compare the data with the available indications.
- Find out the characteristics of red blood cells, both the donor and the recipient.
- Put the sample for general compatibility.
- Conduct a bioassay.
Blood Identification Process
An important point of transfusion is to determine the identity of the biological fluid and the presence of infections in it. For this, a blood sample is taken for a general analysis, the resulting amount is divided into two parts and sent for examination. In the laboratory, the first is checked for infections, the amount of hemoglobin, etc. The second is used to determine the blood group and its Rh factor.
Blood types
Blood transfusion by blood groups is necessary so that red blood cells do not stick together in the patient’s body due to the agglutination reaction when the test sample is received. The blood groups of the human body according to the ABO classification system are divided into 4 main varieties. According to the ABO classification, separation occurs due to the presence of specific antigens - A and B. Each of them is attached to a specific agglutinin: A is attached to α and B to β, respectively. Depending on the combination of these components, well-known blood groups are formed. Combining the components of the same name is impossible, otherwise red blood cells will stick together in the body, and it simply cannot continue to exist. Due to this, only four known combinations are possible:
- Group 1: antigens are absent, there are two agglutinins α and β.
- Group 2: antigen A and agglutinin β.
- Group 3: antigen B and agglutinin α.
- 4 group: agglutinins are absent, there are antigens A and B.
Group compatibility
The compatibility of blood groups for transfusion plays an important role in the operation. In medical practice, only identical identical species are transfused. Many people are wondering which blood type have universal donors, but do not understand the process itself. And yet there are such suitable components. Which blood type is universal - a question that has a definite answer. People with the first blood group due to the lack of antigens are universal donors, and those with a fourth are considered universal recipients. The blood group compatibility table is used to understand the process of blood transfusion.
Blood type | Who can transfuse (Donor) | Who can be transfused (recipient) |
1 group | 1 group | All groups |
2 group | 1 and 2 groups | 2 and 4 groups |
3 group | 1 and 3 groups | 3 and 4 groups |
4 group | All groups | 4 group |
Despite the fact that in the modern world there are many ways to treat various diseases, it is still not possible to avoid the transfusion process. The blood group compatibility table helps medical professionals conduct the operation correctly, which helps to preserve the patient's life and health. The ideal transfusion option will always be the use of identical and group, and rhesus blood. But there are cases when transfusion is vitally necessary to carry out as soon as possible, then universal donors and recipients come to the rescue.
Rhesus factor
During scientific research in 1940, antigen was found in the blood of macaque, which later became known as the Rhesus factor. It is hereditary and depends on race. Those people who have this antigen in their blood are Rh-positive, and in their absence Rh-negative.
Transfusion Compatibility:
- negative rhesus is suitable for transfusion to people with negative rhesus;
- positive rhesus is compatible with the blood of any rhesus.
If you use Rh-positive blood for a patient with a Rh-negative category, then special anti-Rhesus agglutinins will develop in his blood, and with another manipulation, red blood cells will stick together. Accordingly, such a transfusion cannot be carried out.
Any transfusion is stress for the human body. Whole blood is transfused only if the loss of this body fluid reaches 25% or more. With the loss of a smaller volume, blood substitutes are used. In other cases, transfusion of certain components is indicated, for example, only red blood cell mass, depending on the type of lesion.
Test Methods
To conduct a compatibility test, the selected serum of the recipient is mixed with the sample from the donor on a sheet of white paper, tilting it in different directions. Five minutes later, the results are compared, if red blood cell adhesion has not occurred, the donor and recipient are compatible.
Next, check the compatibility of the sample during blood transfusion on the rhesus in one of two ways.
- The donor erythrocytes purified by saline are loaded into a clean tube, the mass is diluted with a warm gelatin solution and two drops of recipient serum. Place the mixture in a water bath for 10 minutes. After this time, it is diluted with saline in an amount of 7 milliliters and thoroughly mixed. If red blood cell adhesion is not registered, the donor and recipient are compatible.
- In a centrifuge tube, 2 drops of recipient serum, 1 drop of polyglucin and 1 drop of donor blood are dripped. The tube is placed in a centrifuge for 5 minutes. Then, dilute the mixture with 5 ml of saline, put the tube at an angle of 90 ° and check the compatibility. In the absence of bonding and discoloration, the donor and the recipient are compatible.
Bioassay
To remove the risk of complications, a bioassay is checked. To do this, a small amount of blood is transfused to the recipient, and for three minutes they monitor his well-being. In the absence of negative manifestations: an increase in heart rate, respiratory failure, manipulation is repeated two more times, carefully monitoring the patient. Transfusion can be carried out only when no negative manifestations were detected, otherwise the operation is not carried out.
Methodology
After all the necessary manipulations to determine the blood group and compatibility, the transfusion itself begins. The injected blood should not be cold, only room temperature is allowed. If the operation is urgent, then the blood is heated in a water bath. The transfusion process is carried out drip using the system, or directly using a syringe. The rate of administration of 50 drops in 60 seconds. During the transfusion, medical specialists every 15 minutes measure the pulse and pressure of the patient. After the manipulation, the patient is shown rest and medical supervision.
Necessity and contraindications
Many people have associated blood transfusion with simple drip medications. But this is a complex process in which foreign living cells enter the patient’s body. And even with perfectly matched compatibility, there is a risk that the blood may not take root. That is why it is extremely important for doctors to determine that such a procedure cannot be dispensed with. The specialist prescribing the operation must be firmly convinced that other methods of treatment will not be effective. If there is any doubt that transfusion will be beneficial, it is better not to carry it out.
Consequences of incompatibility
If the compatibility with the transfusion of blood and blood substitutes was not complete, the recipient may develop negative consequences from such a procedure.
Violations from such an operation can be different, they are associated with problems in internal organs or systems.
Frequent malfunctions in the liver and kidneys appear, the metabolism, activity and work of the blood forming organs are disturbed. Changes can also occur in the respiratory system and nervous system. Treatment for any type of complication should be carried out as early as possible, under the supervision of a physician.
If the incompatibility occurs during the bioassay, the person will also feel negative manifestations, but to a much lesser extent. The recipient may show chills, pain in the chest and lumbar spine. The pulse will be quickened, a feeling of anxiety will appear. If these signs are found, transfusion can not be done. At present, incompatibility with blood transfusion by blood groups practically does not occur.