Questions regarding stand-alone applications are often found in examinations in the Unified State Exam and the State Automobile Examination, and many examiners are unable to answer them correctly. How to learn to find an application in a sentence and correctly determine it?
What is an app?
Under the application should be understood as a definition that is expressed using a noun and is consistent with the defined word. The application can denote completely different qualities of objects, provide information about the profession, nationality, age and many other signs of a person or object.
There are separate applications and non-separate. The former should be studied more carefully, as for the latter, then we can talk about proper nouns that are combined with common nouns, as well as about cases when common nouns are followed by proper nouns.
Stand-alone application: example and analysis
Common applications that are expressed by a common noun with dependent words and which themselves relate to a common noun can be isolated. Such applications are most often located behind the defined word and very rarely in front of it. For example: "Father joked more, a man with gray whiskers."
In this case, the application "man with gray whiskers" refers to the common noun, therefore it is separated by a comma. Structures of the following type can also be isolated: "The engineer said, he is also one of the developers of this engine, Igor Sikorsky."
Single application
An unapplied application can be isolated if it is located behind a common noun, and if this noun has attached a number of additional explanatory words. They come across in speech much less often, so separate applications with examples are much easier to find.
Even less often, such an application can be isolated, but this is possible if it is found in a single noun and is used to strengthen the semantic role of another application, avoiding merging with definable words, for example: “Father, disabled person, fed and dressed from an early age , and himself. ”
Hyphenated Applications
A stand-alone common application, examples of which can be found in a large amount of reference literature, can be attached to a common noun using a hyphen: mother-heroine, teenage boys, etc. Sometimes hyphenated spelling becomes possible if there is a definition explaining the general essence of the sentence, it can refer to the whole utterance or to just one word.
Hyphenic spelling is possible after proper nouns (very often this occurs when indicating geographical names), for example: Moscow River. There are cases when a hyphen is placed after the proper name, this is possible when the application and the name are able to form a single semantic core, for example: Ivan Tsarevich.
When it is impossible to put a hyphen when using applications?
There are cases when the application is used without a hyphen, for example, when it is equal in its lexical meaning to the name of the adjective. Another principle is also used if, when combining two nouns of a common type, one of them has the meaning of a generic concept, and the other a gender (with the exception of terms).
If the application or the definable noun is itself spelled with a hyphen, additional isolation is not necessary here. Two non-distributed applications can immediately stand next to a definable noun; in this case, they will not be isolated either.
Offers with stand-alone applications: examples
Those applications that relate to the proper name can be isolated on both sides if they are located after the word being defined. For example: “This morning, Kataev, the driver of the first bus, talked about yesterday’s incident.” If the application faces its own name and has an additional circumstantial lexical meaning, it will also stand apart: "Confident in himself, Maxim remained so even in the most difficult situations."
A stand-alone application, an example of which may look like the proper name of a person or animal, can be found in a sentence if it has an explanatory character or is used to clarify a common noun: “The dog of Masha, Rosalind, did not like strangers and constantly tried to protect against them his mistress. " Quite often, double punctuation is possible here, everything will depend on whether the sentence has an explanatory connotation of meaning or not.
Application + Unions
A stand-alone application, examples of sentences with which are often introduced into the stupor of inexperienced native speakers, in fact, does not carry any particular complexity. So, it can be joined with the union of “how” and combinations such as “by last name”, “nicknamed”, etc. For example: “Katya, as a smart girl, wanted to get the perfect bridegroom.”
If the union has the lexical meaning “as something”, then the turnover that will be joined with it cannot be considered an application, and even more so, it must be separated by commas. Also, applications that have an “how” union are not isolated if they characterize an object on only one side. A stand-alone application, an example of which can be found in the sentence "He could not get used to her as an actress," will not stand out with commas.
Appendix + pronoun
A separate consistent application, examples of which are sometimes difficult to understand, are always highlighted with commas next to the pronoun. In these cases, various isolation options are possible. They will directly depend on the intonation with which it was pronounced, as well as on the presence of pauses after the pronouns.
The comma may not be put in those sentences where the index particle along with the pronoun are behind the noun, but before the application. The writing in this case is controversial, now the largest linguists studying the issue are trying to come to some kind of consensus.
Difficult cases
Even if you know what a stand-alone application is (examples of sentences with it do not scare you), be prepared for various exceptions to appear. For example, an application may relate to a word that is not at all in the sentence, but it is implied by context.
Most often this happens when there is no pronoun in the sentence, it is usually suggested either by the personal forms of the predicate, or by other available means. For example: "Always, bitch, I do not drink, but for such a case I will definitely drink." Using the form of the verb, one can guess that the pronoun "I" is missing in the sentence.
Dash instead of a comma when isolating
In some cases, a stand-alone application, examples of proposals that need to be studied in preparation for the Unified State Examination, can be distinguished in letters by commas, but with a dash. Most often this happens when any word can be inserted before the application without changing the general meaning of the sentence.
A dash is also placed before the application at the end of the sentence, provided that the character of the application is explained with the punctuation mark. A dash can be used to isolate explanatory applications . For example: "Some kind of boring picture - the creation of a sad artist - hung a hole in the wallpaper."
A dash is used as a punctuation mark if a comma is placed behind a separate application. For example: “Using special equipment for scuba diving, anyone can dive into the depths of the ocean and take a closer look at the inhabitants of the seabed.”
A stand-alone application, an example of which looks like this: “Leading experts — heads of departments spoke at the meeting” —in this case, expresses the concretizing meaning of a defined word, which has a more general meaning, from which it is impossible to draw a conclusion about who it is.
Sentences with separate applications, examples of which may look like this: “The main person of the department, Tatyana Petrovna, said that we won’t go anywhere today”, - are designed so that the application is in front of a definite word. The dash in this case plays the role of a tool to isolate the application.
A dash can be used if the application is combined with a homogeneous member of a sentence, specifying its meaning. For example: “A father, mother, their daughter Katya, two friends, grandchildren met at dinner.” This proposal, complicated by a stand-alone application, examples of which are very conservative, does not have a second dash.
Also, a dash can be used to separate homogeneous applications located in front of a given word from each other. For example, "The author of hundreds of books, scripts, short stories and fables - Alexei Petrovich decided to suddenly change his activity, and became interested in skydiving and diving."
Also, a dash can be used in structures of the following type: "Pushkin - Bezrukov was magnificent." In this case, the application is not isolated, but plays the role of a qualifying element with the subject. From the proposal, it becomes clear that the role of the famous poet was performed by an equally famous actor.
Conclusion
A stand-alone application, an example of which can help to deal with a difficult question in an exam, is actually not too difficult to grasp. If necessary, any student can use reference materials in the Russian language to make sure that he really understands what the application is and how to correctly select it inside any design.
Before the exam, it is recommended to familiarize yourself with the reference literature, work out the most optimal options for determining the application and work them out with examples for better assimilation of the material.