Introductory words and appeal: rule and examples

Introductory words and addresses are marked with punctuation marks. Every schoolchild knows this. But if punctuation errors are rare in writing sentences in which there is an appeal, then with introductory words the situation is more complicated. In order to understand this issue, you should remember the rules.

Each person, regardless of the field in which he works, should know the basic rules of spelling and punctuation. A number of servers have been created that are supposed to increase text literacy. But it’s no secret that not a single machine or robot can yet accomplish what a person can do. The absence of a comma or colon in the text is not a gross mistake, but still it is worth repeating the rules that are included in the school course of the Russian language.

Common features

Introductory words and appeal are parts of speech. They are not related to the subject and predicate syntactically. They have no effect on other members of the proposal. Introductory words and treatment are separated by commas. But not in all cases. The appeal can be a separate sentence, and then an exclamation mark is placed after it:

• Sergey Ilyich! Are you really afraid of him?
• Olga Petrovna! Do not forget to come tomorrow at the appointed time!

Introductory words and treatment are marked with commas when they are in the middle of a sentence. If the phrase begins with them, then after, accordingly, the same punctuation mark is put.

As already mentioned, special difficulties arise when writing sentences with introductory words and phrases. In order to understand, a few examples should be considered.

Types of Introductory Words

These parts of speech perform the following functions:

• expression of various emotions (unfortunately, fortunately, there is nothing to hide sin );
• an expression of the assessment of reliability ( undoubtedly, of course, indeed, indisputably, goes without saying );
• an indication of the sequence, the idea of ​​presentation (on the contrary, therefore, therefore, by the way, by the way, I emphasize, therefore, moreover );
• an indication of the techniques for designing thoughts ( in other words, in a word, simply say );
• indication of the source of the message ( according to the words, report, say, transmit ).

Examples:

1. Here, to Misha’s chagrin, a diary appeared on the new writing desk, which he so carefully kept from his mother.
2. The guest, to the amazement of Gregory, instantly took off his coat and sat down at the table.
3. After this incident, in fact, there was no need to be interested in his attitude to the neighbor.
4. He, therefore, offers to refuse you the game, therefore, lose the rating that you have earned for so long?
5. The student, unfortunately, left the cheat sheet on the teacher's desk.
6. Katerina left, or rather, ran away, leaving behind a laconic note.

Differences

Introductory words and appeal perform different functions. Both in the first and in the second case we are talking about a grammatically separate component. But if the introductory words give only semantic or emotional coloring, then the appeal indicates to whom the speech refers.

The introductory word may be an incomplete construction. And then it stands out with a comma and a dash. Example:

The great teacher has repeatedly stated that education is based, on the one hand, on unlimited trust in the child, and on the other, on high standards .

The treatment is separated by a comma or exclamation mark. Dash cannot stand before or after it.

Proposal line item

The appeal, introductory words and sentences representing additional constructions are independent. They have no connection with the members of the proposal and are not them. Therefore, the same designs can be used in different qualities. Below are suggestions. In these examples, there are introductory words and appeal constructions that are not members of the sentence:

1. You, right, arrived from another city?
2. This organization may no longer exist.
3. Gentlemen, listen to the information on the new rules and take note.

In the following examples - the same words and phrases, but already as members of a sentence:

• You have completed the task correctly;
• the company can be reorganized;
• gentlemen listened, but did not understand what the innovations were.

Introductory words that are difficult to recognize

It should be said that there are cases when the meaning of what has been said can be understood in two ways. And then only punctuation marks are able to clarify the semantic connotation. There are words that can act both as introductory words and as adverbs. Examples:

1. First of all, you need to write about it ("first of all" can be replaced with the word "first").
2. And, first of all, do not write about it.
3. She is certainly right (“unconditionally” is a circumstance indicating the degree of rightness).
4. She is certainly right.

Circumstances or introduction?

What punctuation errors are the most common? Missing commas and extra punctuation marks after and before the introductory word. Such errors arise because such a member of a sentence as a circumstance is sometimes difficult to single out. Often it is taken as an introductory word. Consider these cases with examples:

1. The philosophical reasoning of the father naturally led his son to the right decision.
2. His reasoning, of course , led us to the right decision.
3. Thus , he completed the task in a matter of days (so).
4. Thus, he completed the entire task (in this way).
5. And then he became a real star of show business (after some event).
6. And then , in his own eyes, he is a real celebrity (you can replace the introductory phrase "in addition").
7. Cleverly he turned this thing around, however !
8. He was in danger, but deftly twisted himself at the last moment.
9. Is it wonderful that we came here?
10. As for the guests, the truth might have seemed that they were not here for the first time (the word “truth” is a particle and it can be replaced by “really”).
11. In the end, he made a choice.
12. A novice actress, in the end , can not play this role.

Plug-in sentences

Introductory words and appeals are lexical units that are necessary to clarify the meaning of the story, but without which the sentence may well exist. In most cases, they are highlighted with commas. A sentence may include not only an introductory word or appeal, but also a whole construction that is not syntactically related to the subject or predicate.

Examples:

1. On this day, she drove to the bridge, where, they told her, Napoleon himself was.
2. Natalya Petrovna, she went on an excursion to the bridge where Napoleon was.

Introductory sentences stand out sometimes dashes. Appeals - never. Insert sentences can be distinguished not only by dashes and commas, but also by brackets.

Examples:

1. Ivan Petrovich (as it turned out, that was the name of this strange man) suddenly got up and, smiling stupidly, clutched his hat on his head.
2. The driver braked sharply when he saw part of the armature (the track of the destroyed bridge) on the way, and turned with unexpected ease.

Types of treatment

The role of this component of the sentence is the noun and always only in the nominative case. The following types of treatment can be distinguished:

• expressed in a proper name;
• treatment after the particle "o";
• expressed by the pronoun.

The particle “o” is not separated from the circulation by a comma or other punctuation mark.

Example:

Oh my dear, faithful friend!

However, this same particle can also act as an interjection. And in this case, after it is a comma. Introductory words, appeals and interjections are components that have different purposes, but also many similar features. They are always distinguished by punctuation marks and, as a rule, by commas.

Interjection

Such parts of speech are immutable words. They are separated from the sentence members by commas only if they are deprived of an exclamation mark.

Example:

Oh, send urgently for a doctor!

If these parts of speech are pronounced with exclamatory intonation, then a corresponding sign is placed after them.

Example:

Alas! Now there’s no man you couldn’t forget for so long.

Thus, introductory words and appeals have a lot in common. You need to know the rule for highlighting these components with punctuation marks. After all, his violation creates a negative impression of the author of the text. Addresses and introductory words, examples of which are given in the article, are the topic of one of the important sections of punctuation. They are quite common in fiction. But in order to use these components correctly, it is not enough to read the works of Russian classics. You need to repeat the rules from time to time.