The most important means of displaying artistic life in literary works is language. What is its wealth, strength, beauty and expressiveness?
As you know, the artist magnificence of the spiritual and material world is transmitted to the canvas through colors, colors and lines. The musician displays the harmony of the world with sounds. The sculptor uses plaster, clay or stone to create his masterpieces. The possibilities of the language used by writers and poets are endless. Its use allows you to convey sound, and colors, and volumes. Available for him and the psychological depths.
A distinguishing feature of fiction is its ability to paint with words. In this case, poets and writers use special expressions, turns of speech, epithets, metaphors and other techniques. All of these are expressive means of language. They are extremely important. In a rich language there are various visual and expressive means. The table, in which the names and meanings of such special techniques are entered, can give a visual representation of the beauty and power of Russian speech.
Vocabulary
If the expressive means of art is paints, colors and lines, then in literature they primarily refer to the word. This is the main language unit, which is the most prominent element of artwork. The expressiveness of speech is primarily associated with the word. The lexical stock of the Russian language is huge. It allows you to easily name any specific subject, its actions and signs. In this case, various shades of meaning can be expressed and the assessment of the speaker of the subject of speech is shown.
Words are the main expressive means. Examples can be given a wide variety. So, the master can be called a craftsman or virtuoso, an artisan or artist, an ace or a specialist.
Polysemy
The use of words may not only be in their direct meaning. The main language element of the language is often used in a figurative sense. For example, the direct lexical meaning of the word "howl" means "a lingering cry of certain species of animals."
Secondary or figurative meaning of the word gives its use in a slightly different perspective. For example, the howling wind. In figurative meanings, the names of animals are often used. So, a hare is called a stowaway, and a hare is a coward. If a person is clumsy, then he is compared with an elephant or a bear, if he is cunning, then with a fox, and if stupid, then with a ram.
Many words have an ability that makes it possible to use them in different meanings. This property is called polysemy (polysemy). For writers, such words are sources of vivid and very emotional liveliness of speech. In the works, a multi-valued element can be repeatedly repeated, but at the same time appear in different meanings. So, for example, the word "golden". If you use it in the literal sense, you can describe jewelry made of precious metal. However, the versatility of meanings allows you to apply the word to the description of the color or designation of the value of the subject. It is worth saying that, due to the fact that various
elements of speech are used in a figurative sense, this technique creates imagery. Moreover, these expressions and words are called tropes.
Homonyms
The visual and expressive means of the Russian language are not limited only by the polysemy of words. There is a certain group of homonyms. These include words that are similar in sound and at the same time have different lexical meanings. For example, the word “key” may mean “spring” or “master key”.
Homonyms are the figurative and expressive means of the Russian language, which are divided into different types. Among them are homographs, homophones and omoforms. All of them serve as rich sources of expressiveness of speech. Such expressive means in the poem are a vivid means of sound play.
Puns
The expressive means of the Russian language can be used to create a humorous orientation. Most often, the sound similarity of various words or their ambiguity is used in puns. For example: it was snowing and two girls.
Synonyms
The expressive means of speech can be enhanced through the use of synonyms. Such language elements include words that designate one concept. In this case, synonyms differ among themselves in stylistic coloring or semantic shades. The role of visual and expressive means is to create the beauty and expressiveness of speech. A person who does not own the synonymous wealth of the language cannot construct a figurative and vivid phrase. Poverty of vocabulary often leads to the fact that the same words are repeated in speech, and tautologies also arise.
The Russian language has a huge arsenal, including expressive means, compositions and techniques. To describe the existing palette of colors of live speech, as well as its multicolor is simply unthinkable. For this, in addition to definitions, it will be necessary to transfer to the listener's consciousness the whole rainbow of emotions and feelings that encompass the narrator.
For example, a horse. You can call her a horse, nags, filly, pegasus, etc. Everything will depend on an assessment of her merits and attitude to her (ironic, serious or playful). The word “money” also has many synonyms. You can say: lemons and grandmothers, notes and pieces.
Fine-expressive means must be in the arsenal of a person. At the same time, you need to own art that allows you to freely play synonyms. Any cultural individual should know when to say “dog,” and when “dog,” etc.
Types of synonyms
Words denoting the same concept are divided into four groups. The first of them includes complete synonyms. For example: spelling - spelling, linguistics - linguistics.
The second group includes semantic synonyms. For example: sparkling, shining, shine (one style, but the shades are different at the same time).
The third group includes a stylistic type of synonyms. For example: face, face, mug, muzzle, snout.
And the last group is semantic-stylistic synonyms. These words have a different scope. For example, agreement, condition, contract, pact, contract.
Synonyms are the expressive means of the Russian language, which are used in speech to avoid repetition, and sometimes for contrasts. At the same time, they allow you to subtly distinguish existing shades. For example: he does not sit, but sits.
Antonyms
These include words that have opposite lexical meanings. These expressive means of language are one and the same part of speech. For example, hate - to love, dry - wet. However, in the Russian language there are also such words to which it is impossible to pick up antonyms.
The presence of oppositions allows you to make speech vibrant and expressive. At the same time, her emotionality sharply increases.
Metaphors
In the Russian language, figurative and expressive means are allocated that are used in a figurative meaning based on their similarities. For example, a writer can compare the snow that fell on a tree branch with a fluffy white fur coat.
The story of the appearance of a metaphor began in ancient times, when a person explained the phenomena of the world around him that were incomprehensible to him, referring to his own feelings and feelings. He compared the sun to a living being, saying that it rises in the morning and walks through the sky during the day. The dawn for the ancient people flared up. Although there was no flame. Stars gazed out of the sky, like someone else’s eyes. In other words, a person transferred the properties known to him to many inanimate objects. Now we call this a metaphor. Translated from Greek, this concept means "transference." These visual means of language arise due to the creative imagination of man. For example, a sheet of paper, green youth, a serpentine road, cover up tracks, grovel.
The way of thinking with the help of metaphors developed and improved over a significant historical period. He exists at the present time, having firmly entered our speech. Sometimes we don’t even notice how often we use expressive means called metaphors. Numerous expressions and words that indicate a certain resemblance to any object or phenomenon have already lost some of their original freshness at the present time. This came from their long and constant use.
An example of the most familiar metaphors can serve as expressions such as the wings of a mill, swallowing a grudge, a sour smile, teeth of a saw, etc.
The formation of metaphors occurs on the principle of personification. These visual means of language are closest to comparisons. The figurative meanings of words and expressions, repeated many times, become cliches, losing their freshness and attractiveness. Word masters know this, creating many new metaphors. Moreover, they skillfully use the richness of our language. In literary works you can find such expressions as beads of fog, the smell of happiness, etc.
Expanded metaphors or metamorphic images are also used in art. For example: the wilted bush of my head.
Metaphors are expressive and expressive means that influence a person’s imagination and make him experience the feelings invested by the author in his work.
Personification
This is one of the oldest paths. Its essence lies in endowing an inanimate object with actions or qualities characteristic of man. Avatar is a type of metaphor. It arose on the basis of religious beliefs, taking a large place in folklore and mythology. It is in these works that the phenomena of life and nature are endowed with an inherent ability to feel and think, as well as speechlessness. Sometimes the personification is applied to the zoological characters of epics, fairy tales and legends.
What is an expressive means used in the phrase: "Surf waves caress a strip of shore"? Of course, this is personification.
Metonymy
This figurative-expressive language means include words used in a figurative sense. This is based on adjacency. In metonymy, an object or phenomenon is designated using other concepts. However, in this case, inevitably, relations or signs that bring these phenomena together are preserved. For example, when we hear a song about the accordion that lonely roams the street, we understand that a person walks with it.
The use of metonymy involves the use of the name of one object, replacing the name of another. Moreover, the relationship between them can be different. So, instead of the name of the item, the material from which it is made (he ate on gold) can be called. The relationship may be between the content and the content. For example: eat another plate. The tool can be called the action itself. For example: the poet’s feather, breathing revenge. Metonymy involves a connection between the work itself and its author. Example: read Pushkin. Metonymy can also be called the transfer of the name of an organ to its disease. For example: a head has passed. Sometimes, saying “shelter” or “hearth”, we mean “home”. It is also a metonymy. Such an expressive means can designate something whole through its specific part. If the sign on the door forbids outsiders to enter the room, then this applies to the whole person.
Epithet
Along with metaphor, very often in works of art you can also find another type of visual expressive means. This is an epithet. This means of speech is a figurative element that has special expressiveness and conveys the author’s feelings for the subject he represents. Usually, the epithet is an adjective, which is used in a figurative sense. For example: black melancholy, cheerful wind, bright talent. Not every definition can be attributed to epithets. So, the expression “iron nerves” carries a certain semantic and emotional load. However, this does not apply to the phrase “iron bed”.
Sometimes the epithet is expressed by a noun (wind-tramp), an adverb (look eagerly), a participle, a verb or a numeral. In folklore, there are certain stable combinations of words. For example, the damsel is red, as well as the good fellow, etc. All of them are epithets.
Hyperbola
Artistic exaggerations stand out among the expressive elements of the language. They are called hyperbolas. They resort to such means in those cases when they want to make a very strong impression on the reader or listener. This technique is typical for works created by folklore. This indicates the existence of hyperbole in ancient times. For example, in fairy tales and epics, the hero rides his horse below the clouds, above the forest, and his whistle is able to incline powerful trees to the ground. In such works, everything grows to an impressive size, which testifies to the admiration of popular power. Hyperbole makes a strong impression on the audience. It is used now. Often in our speech we say that the sea is knee-deep or that the whole city already knows some news.
Litotes
If you carefully study the visual means of the language, a table with their listing will certainly introduce us to the artistic understatement. This trail is the exact opposite of a hyperbole. An example is the little man with a marigold known from children's fairy tales, as well as a boy with a finger.
Perifraz
It can be attributed to the trail, in which the name of the phenomenon, person or object is replaced by its characteristic feature. Periphrase enhances the art of speech. For example, a lion can be called the king of animals, and England - Misty Albion. The emergence of individual periphrases is associated with a kind of taboo (a ban on the pronunciation of someone’s name). So, hunters have a belief that, in order to avoid meetings with a bear, one should not pronounce the name of this animal out loud. That is why the phrase "master of the taiga" arose.
Comparison
Among the visual and expressive means of language, there is a special technique based on a comparison of two phenomena. Moreover, it allows one to explain one phenomenon through another. Most often, this expressive means of language is formed in the form of comparative turns enriched in unions that, as if, precisely, as if and how . For example: like ripe apples, bullfinches sit on a branch.
The transfer of comparison can be carried out by other means. For example, a noun in the instrumental case with a verb. For example: a sunset lay in a crimson bonfire. For comparison, a combination of a noun with a comparative form of the adjective can be applied - though more expensive than gold.
Anaphora
The repetition of certain turns or words located at the beginning of sentences of which the statement consists is often used as a figurative-expressive language tool. For example, each line of a poem may begin with the verb “I swear,” “I love,” etc.
Allegory
A very common trail is allegory. Apply it if it is inappropriate to call a spade a spade. It was then that they resorted to various allegories, omissions and hints. In other words, to the Aesopian language. Allegory is very characteristic for fairy tales and fables, in which natural phenomena, objects and animals are endowed with human properties. For example, cunning is symbolized by a snake, and cunning is a fox.
Irony
This is one of the paths that are a form of denial.The expressions or words used in ironic utterances have a double meaning. Moreover, the truth lies not in the direct meaning of the phrases, but in their opposite sense. For example, when referring to a donkey, its smart head is indicated.
Inversion
This is a figurative and expressive tool, suggesting the arrangement of words in the wrong order in which it is established by the rules of grammar. Inversion is often used in excited and emotional speech. Example: short summer nights.