In connection with the changes that are taking place in the public life of the country, value priorities are being revised and at school, new attitudes are being set, innovative means are being sought for achieving their goals.
New emphasis in education
Federal state standards were developed so that bright, creative personalities who could independently acquire the necessary knowledge came out of the educational institution. In order for schoolchildren to make informed decisions, plan their activities, easily adapt to the new situation, a special niche in the updated education system was occupied by children's project activities.
The Importance of School Projects
School teachers have a difficult task - the formation of a harmoniously developed personality. The modern scientific system makes rather stringent requirements for the presentation and design of various materials, so children's project activities should be thought out. How to teach schoolchildren to draw up a project correctly , determine its main goal, set goals?
GEF has been developed to help teachers. Project activity according to new requirements is a prerequisite for the work of both the student and the teacher. At the pedagogical council, a decision is made on what form the guys will work on projects.
The need for school projects
The urgent task of modern education is the formation of tolerance, communication skills, independence. The use of computer technology is not enough for this. They will become only a tool for the transfer and transformation of information obtained in the process of study. The society puts an order before the school - the education of citizens who are able to adapt to the realities of modern life. It is the research method that helps to cope with this task, and therefore children's projects are gaining such popularity.
What is a design technique
Translated from Latin, the project sounds like “thrown forward”. This technique is a combination of educational and cognitive techniques that allow to cope with some kind of problem during the student’s independent actions. After completion of work, ready-made projects are necessarily provided to students. We are obligated to the USA for project activities . At the beginning of the last century, an American teacher and philosopher J. Dewey proposed building learning by involving students in practical activities. The development of the project assumed the student’s personal interest in obtaining the result.
In Russia, design training was introduced under the guidance of S. T. Shatsky, a well-known Russian teacher. At the beginning of the 20th century, he gathered a group of associates, together with whom he analyzed the application of design methods in the school, their effectiveness. In foreign countries, the project method was in demand, as it combined theoretical information and practical application of specific problems.
Requirements for the application of project methods in OS
Children's projects must meet certain requirements:
- The presence of a problem, the solution of which is significant both for the researcher himself and for society.
- Identification of the direction of work.
- Selection of methods by which the task will be achieved.
- Expected Results.
- The main stages of project activities.
- Conclusions on the results obtained, their discussion.
Typology of projects
The development of the project should be carried out taking into account its typological features used in the classification. The dominant activity is supposed in the following options: role-playing, creative, applied, search. In the subject-substantive field, monoprojects and intersubject work are possible.
Project coordination activities are flexible, rigid, hidden. At the same time, children from different schools in the same city, in different regions and countries can work on one problem. Stages of project activities involve indicating the timing of their implementation. This is especially true for long-term work, designed for several years.
Sample school project
In the proposed sample, all stages of the project activity are indicated. Let's look at it as detailed as possible and break it down into points.
The project "Traditions of Pomeranian salt production"
Since time immemorial, man has learned to evaporate table salt from sea water. In this way, a third of the entire need of mankind for this necessary product was satisfied. In the White Sea, salt production began long ago. The ancient "salt-workers" possessed only the possibilities of nature. Salt was evaporated from the water under the influence of the sun, because 4-5 millennia ago the climate was warmer than modern. In those days, salt was a profitable business, and salt was a valuable product of trade and exchange. But the sale was not always fair, they mixed in “cardeha” (stones). For this, Ivan the Terrible in 1546 instructed to fine 2 rubles for 65 pounds of salt! The revival of the Pomor traditions of the production of salt from sea water is an aspect in the formation of citizenship and patriotism of the modern generation.
Project goal: the revival of Pomeranian salt cooking methods, the formation of a sense of patriotism among the younger generation.
Project Objectives :
- analyze ancient methods of salt extraction;
- recreate the drawing of a technical device for obtaining salt from sea water;
- revive salt evaporation technology;
- analyze the appropriateness of applying this method.
Novelty: at the moment in the Arkhangelsk region such a proposal does not exist.
Object of study: table salt.
Subject of research: ancient methods for producing table salt.
Main part:
A long time ago, people learned how to get salt from salt water. Built at salt springs saltworks. There were only three saltworks along the White Sea, and similar structures were located near the villages of Chekuevo and Glotovo along the Onega River . On the territory of the Turchasovo camp there were 3 saltworks: in Nermush, Kleshchevo, Usolye. Their founders were wealthy merchants and Kozhozersky monastery. One bag of salt was like a cow. The cost of the house in those days was two cows. To store salt used birch bark products. The last time salt was cooked in the North in 1950. Currently, only traces of ancient saltworks have been preserved.
Useful and dangerous properties of salt:
Salt has weak antiseptic properties. 10-15% of its solution prevents the development of putrefactive bacteria. This has led to its widespread use as a preservative. The lethal dose of salt is 3 grams per 1 kilogram of body weight.
What does salt lead to?
According to the World Health Organization, the systematic intake of excess salt leads to a sharp increase in blood pressure, kidney and heart diseases, stomach cancer, and osteoporosis occur. Salt can cause eye diseases and swelling of the eyelids, as it retains water in the body.
Useful properties of salt:
During the Great Patriotic War, surgeons working in field hospitals applied cotton to the wounded, soaked in salt solution, on wide lacerations. Thus, they saved them from gangrene: after 3-4 days, the wounds became clean. An excellent tonic effect on the body is provided by contrasting dousing with salt water.
Business work plan:
Salt is a product that is always in demand. There are salt producers in Russia, however this does not diminish interest in this product. We propose to organize a master class on evaporating table salt from sea water, having immediately solved two important and urgent tasks for our region: the revival of Pomeranian traditions and the attraction of tourists to the region (increasing the attractiveness of the region). All participants of the master class will be able to get salt, in addition, they will get acquainted with the history of the Pomeranian northern region, its customs and traditions. There is currently no salt production in the Arkhangelsk region. The important thing is that the cost of the workshops will be affordable. In this case, you can subsequently arrange the release of individually packaged salt. Master classes will be held for students and tourists. The project does not provide for the industrial production of salt, does not require serious equipment, or hiring labor.
The main participants in the project: private individuals.
The main obstacles (constraints to the development of production and features in the implementation of the project):
The revival of Pomeranian traditions in salt cooking can be considered quite an interesting idea for tourists. This business does not require significant investment. Of course, it will be necessary to invest money at the first stage, that is, when creating old mechanisms for evaporating salt, but at the same time, the initial investment in this production is not very significant.
Project implementation:
The saltworks will be located on a land plot belonging to the Onega Museum of Local Lore. In the direction of the coast (to the north), a slight decrease in the relief is observed. The saltworks will be equipped with two separate entrances, an entrance from the common road. There is a ramp at the entrance to access people with disabilities. All green spaces, grass cover during construction are not violated.
Conclusions on the work and prospects for the implementation of the project:
This project is quite feasible and promising. When conducting successful trials, it will be possible to count on the influx of a significant number of tourists, that is, on increasing the investment attractiveness of the Onega region. Students can be involved as guides, stimulating them with insignificant cash payments (vouchers, discounted tickets to the theater, cinema).
We managed to get acquainted with the Pomor traditions of salt production, find historical data, and make sketches of the future salt factory on them. The next stages of the project activity will be associated with the calculation of the costs of construction and testing. You can also think about creating a souvenir salt shop on the basis of the museum of local lore.
The specifics of the school project
The given version of the project is descriptive. It clearly shows the preparatory phase. However, it is described as detailed as possible.
Conclusion
Project activity helps to shape students' independence, creative thinking, interest in the subjects studied. Such a learning option will not only stimulate development, but will also be useful in the future.