A state simply cannot exist without some components. One of them is the budget. It is used for secondary redistribution of gross domestic product. The government can fulfill its obligations to provide medicine, education and other things free of charge only because it allows state budget revenues. What are they? What sources are formed from?
general information
Initially, let's deal with the concept. Budget revenues - this is the money received by the state treasury, which, according to the adopted legislation, is a source of financing its deficit. Where is the regulatory component determined for this case? For this purpose, there is the Budget Code of the Russian Federation (BC RF). According to him, the following types of income are distinguished:
- Tax.
- Gratuitous.
- Non-tax.
They are always formed in accordance with the tax and budget legislation of the Russian Federation.
What are the incomes?
They are divided into their own (also called fixed) and adjustable. They are:
- Own revenues - this is partially or fully secured by the federal budget. These include the previously reviewed trinity: (non) tax and gratuitous.
- Regulated income. These are regional and federal taxes and other payments, according to which the norms of deductions are established by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or local budgets upon the coming of the next financial year. But it is not so simple. It should be borne in mind that local budget revenues can only be established within a certain range specified by law.
Although not everyone agrees with this point of view. As an alternative, a system of two elements is distinguished, in which own and borrowed incomes are provided. Then the two points considered are combined in the first, but the second ... We will come back to them.
Tax income
These are federal, regional and local payments provided for by the legislation of the Russian Federation, as well as fines and penalties charged on them. According to Articles 13-15 of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, they include:
- Federal taxes on value added, income of individuals, profits of organizations, mining, state duty, fees for the use of wildlife and aquatic biological resources, excise taxes. Valid throughout the country. Generate federal budget revenues.
- Regional taxes are imposed on property of organizations and vehicles. Installed by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation or individual territorial units.
- Local taxes include land tax on property of individuals.
This is perhaps the most famous component. Indeed, few people have heard about tax revenues of the budget, even partially. But there are others.
Non-tax revenues and gratuitous income
Far fewer people know about them. But in vain. After all, these are significant sources of budget revenue. Here is what applies to non-tax revenue:
- Payments from the use of property that is in municipal or state ownership, after payment of all taxes and fees. The only exception is that which is located in autonomous institutions on operational management.
- Revenues from paid services that provide budget organizations after paying all taxes and fees.
- Funds received through the application of administrative, civil and criminal liability measures. Of these, fines, compensation, confiscation, compensation for harm.
- Other non-tax revenues.
We still have gratuitous receipts. These include funds transferred from various elements of the budget system of the Russian Federation, as well as receipts from legal entities and individuals, foreign governments, international organizations and other donations, among which are:
- Subsidies.
- Subsidies.
- Subventions.
Moreover, they can go both to the treasury of the Russian Federation and play the role of helping allies.
Role and importance
The budget revenues of the Russian Federation are part of financial resources that are strictly defined by the norms of budget law. They are used to form a monetary base aimed at meeting public needs. In the formation of budgets, relations of state power and organizations, institutions, enterprises and the population are manifested. At the same time, they acquire material incarnations in the form of monetary funds that go as payments. The legislation determines that budget revenues (taxes and fees) are payments that come in irrevocable and gratuitous order at the disposal of state authorities and local governments. This is not to say that now it has been possible to achieve the best possible situation, therefore the budget code, which provides the legal framework, is constantly evolving. But that is not all. Some aspects of the formation are enshrined in the tax code. The presence of a significant variety of groups and types allows you to classify incomes according to many criteria. For example, a socioeconomic attribute can be distinguished: legal entities, state lands and property, etc.
Borrowed income
For the modern state, they are very important, because they allow you to attract additional funds to the budget when there are not enough own sources. What can be cited as an example? It:
- Loans
- Local or state loans.
- Bank loans.
It is provided that debt obligations may be:
- Short term. This is up to one year.
- Medium term. This is from one to five years.
- Long term. It is five to thirty years old.
Such state budget revenues can be oriented both to external persons and to internal ones. Consider the example of government loan bonds . If it is planned that their buyers will be foreigners, then they are usually offered in the currency of the European Union or the United States. But for citizens of the Russian Federation and commercial organizations specializing in this, they are already offered in rubles. Despite the relative ease of obtaining borrowed income, it must be remembered that someone else's money is taken on time, and you will have to give it back forever. In addition, with interest. Therefore, excessive abuse of this tool is highly undesirable.
We study the legislative aspects
Well, the main points are taken apart. Perhaps, attention should also be paid to legislation and the structure of budget revenues. But the latter will be considered at the very end. So, when studying income, the Budget and to a lesser extent the Tax Code is of the greatest interest. Let's start with the most insignificant part, namely gratuitous and irrevocable transfers. They are listed in paragraph 4 of Art. 41 BC. If we talk about whole types of budgets, then each of them is registered in the legal field. So, for example, Chapter 7 of the BC stipulates the federal budget revenues. The list available here is closed. This means that it is not subject to an expansive interpretation. Article 53 defines the limits of authority of the executive and legislative branches in budgeting. The receipt of income of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation is discussed in Chapter 8. The right here is to introduce regional fees and taxes, set rates on them, and provide benefits. But only within the framework of authority. Revenues of local budgets are considered in the ninth chapter of the BC.
About own income
Usually, talking about unprecedented experience, they talk about other countries. But in this case, there is something to tell about the Russian Federation. And let's look at a fundamental innovation in budget legislation. The fact is that a scheme for securing revenue sources on a regular basis to entities and local governments was implemented. Although in fairness it must be mentioned that this also affects a part of federal taxes. So, the sources are not subject to change. And the Budget Code provides only two mechanisms by which funds can be withdrawn or those managing them are limited in their disposal of money. Although this is for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, while for municipalities there are three of them.
About the view from a financial point of view
Now let's look at the same thing, but with a different approach. What is a budget? This is the fundamental financial plan of the country. He has the power of law. With the help of the budget, redistribution of cash incomes of enterprises and the population is carried out in the interests of financing public and state expenses. Therefore, it is very important that it is balanced. This is the name of the budget in which income and expenses are equal. If they differ, then there is a deficit (more often) or a surplus (less often). Is it good? Not always. Let's look at an example: there is a budget surplus. That is, state revenues are higher than expenses. But how is this obtained? If the economy is growing, this is certainly good. But if inflation and depreciation of money is bad. Deficiency is also an undesirable condition.
Problem solving
With a surplus more or less clear. But what to do with the deficit? You can, of course, ignore and underfunded, but will voters forgive this? Therefore, it is necessary to look for sources of income that will allow to deal with it. What can act in their role? There are two ways:
- External financing. It involves the sale of securities on the international financial market, attracting loans from global financial organizations, foreign banks and governments.
- Domestic financing. These are bonds and bills, budget loans or the use of reserves of the Central Bank.
And so it is possible to tighten the level of funding. But we should not forget that the money will have to be paid back, and with interest. In addition, there is the issue of profitability. To offer too little - they will buy a little. If there is a large percentage, then there will be problems with payments. Therefore, it is necessary to look for a middle ground, which will allow everyone to consider the possibility of earning.
What should an ideal budget look like?
There are a large number of requirements that must be met. But this does not always happen. In addition, there are too many of them to consider and paint everything in one article. But still, some “selected” moments can be distinguished:
- Lack of tight linking of income to expenses. First of all, the government should choose what tasks will be solved and with what tools. This achieves a certain flexibility of the economic policy pursued.
- A hierarchy of budgets should be ensured. In other words, flows of regions or individual municipalities should not enter the federal treasury. This requirement has been put forward to ensure autonomy.
- Only those expenses and revenues that are controlled by the government should be included in the budget.
Conclusion
So they considered various types of income that receive budgets of different levels. Also, attention was paid to certain specific points. But we should not forget about the most important thing - those who pay taxes. These are both enterprises and the population. Structural diversity implies the presence of a large number of revenue items for budgets of all levels. You can recall the state-owned enterprises that transfer funds, their earnings abroad, the formation of a stabilization, reserve and national welfare fund. It is necessary to take into account a significant number of different points that affect the state of affairs, the level of profitability, existing reserves and many other specific details.