What is morbidity? The incidence rate, statistics

The concepts of illness and disease are very close in meaning, but the latter term has a broader interpretation. A disease is any deviation from a physiological norm. In turn, incidence is a whole range of indicators of the quality and structure of diseases, reflecting the level and frequency of the spread of pathologies. These indicators reflect the situation in the country as a whole, in a particular region, a separate age or social group.

The incidence rates reflect the economic and social processes occurring within any country. If they increase, then we can conclude that the state lacks medical facilities or qualified specialists. As a result of this, the mortality rate is of great importance, reflecting not only social problems, but also medical, biological and demographic ones.

At the same time, statistics on the incidence of the disease allow an analysis of the performance of medical institutions, both in general and individually in a particular region. There is an opportunity to plan the amount of necessary preventive measures and determine the circle of people who are subject to mandatory medical examination.

Classification of diseases

Around the world, a single diagnosis and registration of known nosological forms has been adopted, which is conditionally divided into 21 classes and 5 groups. ICD (International Classification of Diseases) reflects the current stage of development of all medicine. According to the example of ICD structuring, classifiers of diseases have been created in individual branches of medicine. The classifier is reviewed every 10 years, in order to bring it into line with the data and achievements in medical science obtained during this period.

Types of morbidity when applying to medical institutions

An analysis of the incidence is carried out according to the following indicators:

1. Actually, the incidence, the first cases of detection of a certain pathology for the first time registered this year. The calculations are carried out by comparing the first occurring diseases to the average population.
2. Prevalence or soreness. The primary cases of detection of the disease in the current year and repeated ones are taken into account. It is calculated by the ratio between all cases of detection of a certain class of the disease, to the number of population for 1 calendar year.
3. Pathological lesions, that is, disorders and diseases that have been identified during medical examinations.
4. True incidence. An indicator that includes information on the number of visits to a doctor, diseases detected during medical examinations, and data on the causes of mortality.

Types of morbidity by population contingent

Information on the contingents is classified by occupational, morbidity with temporary disability, by pregnant women and women in childbirth, and other categories.

Occupational morbidity

This is the number of people who have received an occupational disease or poisoning, relative to the number of healthy workers. The main reasons for the occurrence of occupational diseases include:

• human exposure;
• Accidents
• violation of the technological and production process;
• equipment malfunction;
• lack of sanitary facilities;
• non-use or absence of personal protective equipment at work.

To date, in our country, this figure is negligible. However, even isolated cases are socially significant, since they reflect the presence of adverse working conditions that require urgent preventive measures at work. For example, in relation to the 70 years of the last century, occupational morbidity decreased by 50%. Today, of all identified cases, 2/3 belong to chronic pathologies.

Incidence of temporary disability

In this case, the incidence is the actual account of cases of the appearance of diseases in the working population. It does not matter, disability came as a result of injury or other problems.

For this incidence analysis, the following indicators are taken into account:

• cases of disability by a certain number of people per year;
• the number of days of temporary disability for 12 months;
• average duration of 1 case;
• structure of the incidence, that is, the number of cases of treatment for one type of disease.

The incidence of pregnant women and mothers

Regrettably, but the statistics of the incidence of pregnant women every year only worsens, being the most urgent problem for all countries of the world. This indicator reflects not only the health of women, but also the offspring that will remain after it.

Some statistics (indicators in%, in relation to the number of women who have already given birth, data for the whole of the Russian Federation):

• the threat of termination of pregnancy decreased slightly in 2016 - an indicator of 18.2, in 2015 this figure was 19.0;
• venous complications in 2016 amounted to 5.5%, and in 2005 the figure was 3.9%;
• women with diabetes in 2016 - 3.14%, and in 2005 - 0.16%.

For individual diseases, it is already possible to clearly understand which way it is necessary to direct preventive measures in each medical institution of the country.

The incidence of children of preschool and school age

As is the case with pregnant women and women in labor, the health situation of children and adolescents in the country is only getting worse. So, at the beginning of this year, 32.8 cases of viral hepatitis were detected per 100 thousand children aged 0 to 14 years, and intestinal infections in 1625 children. Neoplasms were diagnosed in 986 children in 2016, and in 2015 only in 953.

Also, data can be analyzed on the incidence of military personnel, specialists of various professions, and other indicators.

Type of incidence by age

The incidence of the population is analyzed by age:

• newborns;
• school and preschool children;
• incidence in adolescents;
• in the adult population;
• population over working age.

Statistics of childhood morbidity between the ages of 0 and 14 years (diagnosis is made for the first time)

Incidence statistics throughout the Russian Federation: children from 15 to 17 years

Data for the entire Russian Federation, on the incidence of the population over the age of 55 years - women, men from 60 years:

It should be noted that the incidence of cancer is steadily increasing in almost the entire population. Only in relation to 2015, last year this indicator slightly decreased in newborns and children under 14 years of age.

Do not forget that there is still a category of people who never go to the doctors. According to the company Profi Online Research, which conducted independent research, it was found that about 9% of respondents never go to medical facilities for help at all, but cope with all the diseases on their own.

Nevertheless, in the context of the general incidence rate in the country, the figures are not so scary. For some diseases, there is a slight, but still a decrease in the number of patients.

Classification by groups and nosological forms

Accounting for the overall incidence is carried out according to two standard documents:

1. The coupon of an outpatient, in the form of No. 025-10 / y, which is issued to each patient who has contacted the clinic.
2. Statistical map of a hospital dropout. The card has a standardized form - No. 066 / y. The unit of observation is each case of hospitalization in any medical institution.

The first document allows registration of the patient and the reason for the treatment in the outpatient clinic, and the second in the hospital.

It is on these documents that classification is carried out by groups or nosological forms. The following classes are also distinguished.

Infectious morbidity . Infectious disease incidence rates allow you to respond as quickly as possible to outbreaks in a specific region. Registration of infectious patients is carried out regardless of the place of infection, citizenship of the person who applied.

The incidence in Russia of infectious diseases for the period from January to August 2016 and 2017, with indicators of growth or decrease:

Incidence of socially significant and dangerous diseases:

• venereal diseases;
• malignant neoplasms;
• trachoma;
• tuberculosis;
• mycoses and a number of other ailments.

In this case, the unit of study of non-epidemic morbidity is each person who went to the hospital where he was first diagnosed.

Gender-based morbidity statistics: first diagnosed with active tuberculosis in 2016, compared with 2015:

According to the nosological form, oncological diseases are allocated into a separate category, the number of which is only increasing.

The incidence rate according to the stages of the development of the tumor process and regions (as a percentage of the number of detected cases):

Statistics are also conducted on the level of injuries, the number of mental illnesses and gender.

Methods of studying and analyzing the incidence of the population

There are two main methods for studying the incidence rate:

1. Solid. The technique is used to obtain operational data.
2. Selective. The main goal is to identify the relationship between morbidity and environmental factors.

A striking example is the study of incidence in a specific region of a country or in a separate social group.

In terms of rising incidence of HIV infection, the Russian Federation is in third place after Nigeria and the Republic of South Africa in 2016. At the same time, it cannot be said that all countries of the world can provide relevant data, for example, in Moldova and Ukraine, Tajikistan or Uzbekistan, not enough funds are allocated to screen the entire population.

If we compare the global data for 2016 compared to 2010, there is a tendency to a decrease in the incidence rate in a number of countries:

If we talk about the Russian Federation, then the incidence structure is as follows:

In general, incidence is an important indicator for determining the general health status of the entire population of a particular region and the whole country. Statistical data allow timely sending preventive measures in the “right direction” and doing everything to avoid an epidemic. It not only helps to establish the percentage of a particular type of disease among the population, but also to organize measures to combat it.

The incidence rate is used along with the birth rate and mortality rates, allowing to predict the life expectancy and the possible percentage of the population who will retire on disability. For in-depth study and the ability to analyze the level and structure of the incidence at the state level, a mandatory registration of the incidence of patients has been introduced, which is carried out in hospitals and outpatient clinics.