Do marsupials exist? This question is of interest to every second student with a passion for studying a biology course. These mushrooms belong to the kingdom, which includes representatives with a divided vegetative body. They have specific sexual elements - bags. They include eight ascospores. Some species of these mushrooms are considered imperfect, because in the process of life they lose their sexual capabilities. They have asexual reproduction.
The true tissues of these fungi almost never form. The exceptions are only some parasitic organisms. The composition of each representative of this class includes chitin (from 20 to 25 percent) and glucan.
Marsupials live (representatives will be listed below) on the remains of plants or animals.
It is worth noting that many types of mold (red, brown, gray-green) belong to ascomycetes. Thanks to the orange-pink fungus, the field of genetics has achieved many successes. Ascomycetes are common throughout the world.
The class of marsupials mushrooms includes approximately 2 thousand genera and 30 thousand species. The most famous representatives are yeast, truffle, morel, parmelia, line.
Morphology
The vegetative body consists of several partitions that divide it. Thanks to him, fungi are able to lose less cellular matter from a filamentous formation. If we compare the ascomycetes and zygomycetes, it is worth noting that the former live long enough.
Marsupial mushroom is designed in such a way that its body is able to exchange between spores of cytoplasm, nuclei, organelles. Each cell, as a rule, has one haploid structural element that stores and transmits hereditary information (DNA).
General information on reproduction and development
Marsupials have two ways of reproduction:
- anamorph (asexual way);
- teleomorph (there are sexual structures).
In biology, these two processes are called holomorphs. They are completely different from each other. Also, from anamorphs, the body can pass into a teleomorph. That is why born ascomycetes of the same species, but in different ways, scientists are considered as separate representatives. Thanks to molecular studies, science makes it easy to understand how a particular marsupial fungus was formed.
Anamorph (asexual way)
The anamorph process is carried out thanks to conidia. It is worth noting that the morphology of the latter is quite diverse. Each of them can be either unicellular or multicellular. Cross partitions they have an unlimited number. Often conidia have rounded shapes.
As a rule, an aquatic fungus has elements of increased structural complexity. Such representatives live on the leaves of trees that have long been immersed in water.
Teleomorphs (sexual reproduction) in lower forms
Mushrooms of this class can reproduce using reproductive structures, but without the formation of gametes. To implement this process, male and female organs are formed on hyphae. In this, the characteristic of marsupials is similar to the description of algae - they also have slightly altered oogonies.
If we consider the lower forms, the teleomorph is similar to zygogamy. This is due to the fact that the formed gametangia have an identical appearance, and after the process of combining them, nuclei merge. But in these fungi, the last action does not affect all structural elements, so multiple karyogamy does not happen. After this, meiosis is carried out, after which the zygote passes into the bag.
Teleomorph (sexual reproduction) in higher forms
Considering the process of reproduction in higher forms, it must be said that it is carried out a little more complicated than in lower ones. Archicarp extends to Ascogon. In addition, it is differentiated. He “enters” the upper part in the form of a tube. Anteridium is a unicellular element that has a cylindrical shape. After fusion of the cytoplasm, the nuclei do not converge, but converge. Dicarions are formed. Their cores, in turn, are broken into pieces. In the process of reproduction, the marsupial fungus forms askeys, after which the haploid nuclei converge. Without rest time, meiosis occurs. The formed nuclei divide metotically. As a result of this, eight structural elements are formed.
Reproduction: conclusions
Depending on the belonging to certain species of this class, reproduction can be greatly simplified. For example, anteridia may not form - they are replaced by a vegetative body or conidia. By streams of air, water, or through insects, spermatozoa are transferred to Trichogina, after which the cell cytoplasm merges. Gifs and bags are formed not only randomly, but also on bodies where there are tightly intertwined structural branches.
Fruit bodies are divided into four types:
- Apothecia. Marsupials root marsupials with this kind have a huge bag. Paraphyses may form in them.
- Peritius. Bags of such mushrooms are fully or half closed. Their shape is pitcher-shaped.
- Kleistothecia. The fruit body of such mushrooms has a closed shape.
- Pseudotions. Such a body belongs only to a certain type of mushroom. The sexual process in them is carried out after the formation of gametangia. Peritions are located on hyphae, which are called stroma.
Significance for man and planet
The life cycle of marsupials is useful for the terrestrial sphere of the planet. Due to the fact that they destroy dry branches, trees, fallen leaves, replenished the supply of carbon and nitrogen on Earth. For animals (for example, rodents, invertebrates, etc.), ascomycetes are food. In the aquatic environment, such mushrooms are especially numerous.
The predominant part of lichens is formed from marsupials. In their composition of these organisms - more than 95%. Mycorrhiza is also formed with their help. Some ants and termites "grow" in their organisms a certain type of mushroom.
Often among ascomycetes there are parasitic representatives that form both in plants and in animals. They are the causative agents of many fairly serious diseases. In man, marsupials also parasitize. Some foods consumed by humans are influenced by ascomycetes.
Truffles and morels, which are the representatives of these mushrooms, are often eaten by humans. Yeast is used for baking bakery products, making some drinks, and creating medicines. Ascomycetes find their application in science.
Yeast - The Most Popular Representative
This name brings together 1,500 different representatives. They are able to live in liquid and semi-liquid substrates.
The word "yeast" is formed from the pre-Slavic verb, which translates as "crush", "knead". This name is known to every Russian-speaking person. The root “trembling” literally accurately describes all the processes that occur during the fermentation of these mushrooms. It is worth noting that in English the name sounds like yeast . Translated into Russian, it means "to emit gas."
What marsupials (yeast) look like , is known to all, because they have been used by their mistresses for baking for several centuries. Beer began to brew about six thousand years ago BC, even then these mushrooms were used. People mastered the technology of baking a little later - by 1200 BC. e.
For the first time, yeast was discovered under a microscope in 1680, but then, due to the absence of at least some movements, they were not recognized as living organisms. A little later, the theory was put forward that yeasts are actually biological substances, and their reactions are chemical. Over time, this theory has been disproved. It has been proven that alcohol fermentation is a natural process.
Types of yeast
Yeast is divided into five types: bakery, dry, brewery, pressed and wine.
Baking mushrooms are available in every store. They are able to be stored for a long time, and their structure is so simple that it is easy to make dough from them even for a child.
Pressed mushrooms do not live long: without a refrigerator, they can be kept for no more than 14 days. And at high temperatures, they can deteriorate in less than a week. If you put them below the freezer, then the mushrooms will be suitable for another 2 months. Before use, they should be dissolved in warm water.
Dry yeast - mushrooms, characterized by a long shelf life. In a cool place where there is no increased humidity, they are able to lie for 2 years. If they are active, then they should be dissolved in water (necessarily warm). Instant mushrooms are also bred, but they will be ready for use in 10-15 minutes.
Beer mushrooms are divided into a huge number of subspecies. If we take into account that each of them has different tastes and smells, then the drink made by them also has different characteristics. Such fungi spread in liquid form, so they do not need to be dissolved. They are often used for kvass, but unlike beer, this drink also contains milk bacteria.
There are also feed yeast, but it is not recommended to add them to human food.