Surgical intervention based on the removal of unnatural formations from the colon, namely polyps, is called polypectomy of the large intestine. At the initial stage of formation, polyps are small patches of tissue that form like tumors. The formation of polyps does not apply to oncology, and therefore they are recommended to be removed immediately as soon as they are discovered, without the appointment of special drug therapy in the absence of special indications. And although the formation of polyps is considered harmless, the danger lies in the fact that if the polyps are not removed and left without any attention, they can subsequently flow into a cancerous tumor.
What is endoscopic polypectomy for?
Indications
Polypectomy is performed for treatment and diagnosis. Diagnosis is possible when formations are single, with the availability of technical capabilities. To conduct histology with polyposis, several polyps of the largest size, having a modified shape, are removed. For treatment, any small polyps are shown in the case when surgery does not entail complications. When education appears on the internal organs, the endoscopic method is used. And in cases of the presence of solitary formations or several located adjacent to each other, the indication will be an operation.
What contraindications does endoscopic polypectomy have?
Contraindications
Patients who are in serious condition or suffering from poor blood coagulation, do not have planned removal. In order to exclude contraindications, blood tests are performed. The operation will not be carried out if the specialist decides that it will entail complications.
Varieties and features of the disease
Continuous division and renewal of intestinal mucosal cells is a normal condition, however, when any malfunctions appear that violate these functions, intestinal cells, instead of being renewed, form into polyps.
For a long time, a person can live with them and not suspect their presence in the body.
An endoscopic colon polypectomy may help in this case.
Specialists share several groups of polyps:
- Local adolescents appearing at a young age, usually up to 6 years old. These polyps extremely rarely turn into cancers, however, this does not negate a small percentage of their danger, and therefore they should also be removed.
- Hamartomatous, arising in the rectum in an unusual combination of cells and resulting from abnormal tissue development.
- Villous, growing in the form of a carpet on the walls of the intestine. Often prone to develop into a cancerous formation.
- Hyperplastic, developing to small sizes and being harmless. They belong to the most common form of formations.
- Adenomatous, belonging to the most dangerous, because they pass into cancerous tumors quite often.
Causes of the disease
Before the removal of the polyp, the doctor examines the possible causes, determines the type of polyps in order to avoid complications (it is better not to touch some polyps at all). Factors that provoke the appearance of formations are difficult to determine accurately. The reasons for the appearance may be:
- genetic predisposition;
- entry into the diet of a large amount of animal fat;
- abnormal development and congenital predisposition;
- insufficient consumption of raw vegetables, seafood and lactic acids;
- chronic bowel disease, inflammation;
- food intake with a large number of carcinogens;
- disorders of the intestinal system, constipation;
- bad habits;
- extra pounds, low mobility, lack of physical activity.
When and why eliminate?
The main reason for removal is to prevent the development of a cancerous tumor. Including removal is indicated for pain, malfunctioning of the intestines, bleeding, impaired patency. However, before the operation, the specialist still conducts a thorough diagnosis in connection with the presence of factors prohibiting surgical intervention due to side effects or possible consequences. Risk factors:
- diseases of the circulatory system;
- damage to the walls of the rectum;
- diabetes;
- infection;
- poor blood coagulability;
- allergy to drugs;
- polyp features (location, size, type).
At the moment there are gentle surgical procedures, and therefore, with the indicated urgent removal of polyps, the doctor can choose the best options, for example, an endoscopic polypectomy will be prescribed.
Detection Features
Before removing polyps, it is first necessary to accurately determine the variety, shape and location. The polyp can have the shape of a mushroom, that is, have a structure located on an elongated pedicle, have a wide base, the texture of which is flatter, and rounded. In addition, polyps can be villous and smooth.
A person can detect the presence of polyps in the body during diagnosis or examination for other diseases. Often the detection of polyps is random, because with the formation and development in the intestine, it is rarely possible to catch signs of their presence. The main methods for detecting polyps include endoscopy, biopsy, and colonoscopy.
During routine diagnostics through colonoscopy and the detection of polyp formations, the doctor selects the most beneficial options for action. During endoscopic examination, it is possible to detect polyps of small sizes and remove formations whose size does not exceed 7 mm. This method of removing polyps can be used no more than 2 times per year.
Often performed endoscopic polypectomy of the gallbladder.
When large polyps must be removed, surgery is performed through polypectomy. Such an operation requires special endoscopic techniques.
The most correct approach to any polyps can be called removal using a colonoscope of one area and its further examination under a microscope, as well as a biopsy. Upon completion of this stage and obtaining the results of the examination, surgery is planned. Each result of the study will play an important role in the choice of surgical intervention, since if the polyps are cancerous in nature, the patient will have to undergo chemotherapy.
And after the polyps are removed, for several years in a row every year you will need to undergo a colonoscopy, since the polyps can form again.
The nuances of surgery
The operation by which rectal formations are eliminated is called endoscopic polypectomy. This type of surgery refers to the most painless procedures, since it does not require incisions or punctures. When pinching or removing polyps, a person does not experience pain, since there are no nerve endings in the intestinal mucosa. Usually this procedure is carried out in a hospital, and only very small polyps up to 5 mm in size can be treated on an outpatient basis.
But often very small polyps do not touch, but wait until they mature, because they are not recommended to be eliminated because of the likelihood of damage to the tissues and mucous membranes of the intestine.
How is endoscopic rectal polypectomy performed?
There are several options for removing polyps through this intervention:
- An electrolyte special solution is introduced into the lower region of the large polyp before its removal in special cases to exclude the appearance of complications.
- When removing a polypous formation in the form of a mushroom, a coagulation loop technique is used that is poured onto the watered and cutting it off. Since a low current passes through this loop, it immediately cauterizes the removal site.
- When eliminating large polyps with a wide base, a fragmentary method is used that removes by means of a diameter loop, which captures and fragmentes the formation.
In fact, the entire endoscopic polypectomy consists in inserting a special device with a long tube and a chamber into the anus, through which an internal examination of the walls of the rectum and removal of the lesions is performed. Carrying out this procedure involves one of the listed manipulations. However, the method of removing polyps is chosen after a complete diagnosis, and not during the initial study.
Recurrence of polyps
After removal of the polyps, relapse develops in 13% of patients in the first 2 years. In other parts of the colon, the risk of their new appearance is 7%.
Ambulatory endoscopic polypectomy is often performed.
Prevention
The main methods for preventing the appearance of polyps include: lifestyle changes, diets and regular research. We can recommend the following for prevention.
More calcium-rich foods should be consumed, since calcium has a prophylactic effect even in the event of an illness.
It is necessary to eat more cereals, vegetables and fruits in connection with the content in these products of a large amount of antioxidants and plant fiber. These products reduce the risk of formations.
Limit animal fats. People who consume large amounts of fat with food are at great risk of getting colon cancer and polyps, unlike people who consume much less fat. You can recommend vegetable oils.
Limit alcohol consumption, since abuse of it greatly increases the risk of developing not only colon cancer and polyps, but also other diseases.
You must stop smoking, as this habit greatly increases the likelihood of developing colon cancer. It is also worth removing excess weight and increasing physical activity.
Polypectomy of other organs
How is endoscopic gallbladder polypectomy performed?
Polyps often occur in the gallbladder. One small is not dangerous. You can not pay attention to it. But if there are several of them and their size is more than 10 mm, then an endoscopic polypectomy is performed. The organ is preserved, only growths are subject to removal. With huge sizes of polyps, the entire organ is removed, since cancer is possible.
What is an endoscopic nasal polypectomy?
Polyps can also occur in the nose. The method of endoscopic polyectomy removes growths quickly and painlessly. Formations are removed in any part of the nasal concha and paranasal sinuses. Be sure to use a shaver and simultaneously operating suction.
There is also endoscopic polypectomy of the stomach.
Sometimes cells grow in the stomach. Endoscopic surgery will also help here. But everything will depend on the size of education. If they are large, then carry out a series of interventions. The patient at this time is in a medical dream.
Endoscopic polypectomy is often used. This is a very effective method of getting rid of polyps in various organs.