Urban and rural settlements are a type of municipalities in the Russian Federation. Local self-government in them is carried out directly by residents or through elected and other authorized bodies. Let us consider in more detail about the ownership of rural settlements .
general characteristics
Rural settlements - one or more points united by a common territory. They may include villages, villages, villages, villages, hamlets, villages, villages, etc.
The rights of rural settlements are realized on the basis of the Constitution and federal legislation through local authorities. The powers of these structures include the resolution of questions about:
- the formation of the local budget;
- municipal property management;
- self-determination of the structure of local government institutions;
- territorial organization of self-government;
- policing, etc.
Features of administrative units
Rural settlements are provided for in Federal Law No. 131 and introduced in the process of municipal reform of 2003.
Quite often, settlements correspond to village councils of the Soviet era or volosts of the post- and pre-Soviet era. For example, in the Pskov region, a rural settlement is called "Tyamshan volost". In some regions, the term "village council" is used today. Moreover, in some areas, rural settlements are called so. For example, the Novinsky Village Council in the Bogorodsky District of the Nizhny Novgorod Region.
Population size
The territory of a rural settlement , as a rule, includes one settlement or village. The number of citizens living in them exceeds 1 thousand people. If the territory has a high population density, then more than 3 thousand people can live on it.
Rural settlements can unite several settlements if the population in them is less than a thousand or 3 thousand (for territories with a dense population) people.
In general, 15-20 thousand people can live in the territory of an administrative unit. In Russia, however, there are rural settlements with a larger (more than 30 thousand people) population. So, in 2013, more than 60 thousand people lived in Ingushetia in the Ordzhonikidze settlement.
Structural features
In the rural settlement there is an administrative center. It is the locality in which the representative body is located. The administrative center is determined taking into account the existing infrastructure and local traditions.
The boundaries of the settlement, which includes 2 or more settlements, are usually set taking into account the walking distance to the administrative center and vice versa for all residents. The round-trip distance must be covered in one day. An exception may be territories with a low population density, inaccessible and remote areas.
Settlement as a specific organizational form
In different states, there are very different definitions of rural settlements. This or that interpretation depends on economic, national, demographic, geographical, social and other factors.
Perhaps the most common is the following definition:
"A rural settlement is a village located in a rural area, where most of the inhabitants are engaged in agriculture."
More precisely, the concept is revealed in modern geographic encyclopedias. Generally, a rural settlement is considered as:
- settlement, most of whose inhabitants are engaged in agriculture;
- non-agricultural settlement located in rural areas, not corresponding to the number of inhabitants of the city, related to the maintenance of transport outside cities (marinas, roads, small stations), forestry (cordons, leshozes);
- Settlement at industrial enterprises, resorts, quarries, recreation areas, etc.
The Federal Law No. 131, which regulates the general principles of the organization of territorial self-government, also contains a definition of settlement.
Specific features
The concept of a rural settlement appeared with the distinction between city and village as independent socio-economic units. The appearance and type of settlement reflect the nature of industrial relations characteristic of a particular territory.
Along with this, this organizational form is imprinted and occupied by residents, natural conditions, and national traditions.
The populations of the settlements
It depends on production functions, the form of settlement, the history of the territory. Humidity objectively reflects the combined influence of several factors on the development of a rural settlement. Moreover, this indicator alone does not reveal factors.
The size of the settlements determines certain conditions for life, cultural and consumer services. In this regard, the allocation of types of administrative units by population is of more scientific and practical value.
General classification of settlements by size
When dividing administrative units into types by population, they are divided into groups from the smallest (1-5 people) to large (from 10 thousand inhabitants). In terms of typology, it is necessary to single out such indicators of humanity that determine the essential qualitative characteristics of settlements.
Odnodorki - a group that includes points, the number of inhabitants in which does not exceed 10 people.
Small settlements with fewer than 100 inhabitants depend on nearby larger populated areas. Only in certain villages can some elements of the social infrastructure of small sizes be created. This, for example, a first-aid post, elementary school, club, library, rural shop.
With a population of 200-500 people. the village may also have elements of infrastructure, but of the same small size. Agricultural settlements of this size can become the basis for any production unit.
With a population of 1-2 thousand people. there is an opportunity to significantly expand the list of service institutions, increase their size and increase technical equipment. According to the planning and development standards of urban and rural settlements , a kindergarten, a school for 150-160 students, a club for 200 people, a library, and shops for 6 slaves are created in such territories per 1,000 inhabitants. places, feldsher-obstetric first-aid post with a small hospital, sports grounds, post office with a savings bank, etc.
The most favorable conditions for living in villages with a population of 3-5 thousand people. In such points, conditions can be created to provide 1 urban level of improvement, cultural and consumer services. For residents, schools, houses of culture, medical facilities are being built, a specialized trading network is being created, etc. As for production, such settlements often become centers of large farms.
Urban planning: planning and development of rural settlements
The general concept of the development of human settlements is given in the Code of Rules SP 42.13330.2011.
As stated in the document, the planning and development of urban and rural settlements is carried out on the basis of the documentation on the territorial planning of the Russian Federation, regions, municipalities. The regulatory framework of this activity is constituted by federal laws, presidential decrees, government decrees, legislative and other regulatory acts of constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Urban / rural settlements are designed as units of the system of settlement of the territory of Russia and the regions included in it. The task of territorial planning is to determine the documentation of the purpose of settlements, taking into account economic, social, environmental and other factors in order to ensure the realization of the interests and needs of citizens, as well as their associations.
The projects should provide for a rational order of development of settlements. The prospects for expanding and improving social services beyond the project timeframe should be identified. The billing period should be up to 20, and the urban planning forecast should be no more than 30-40 years old.
In the process of developing master plans, the authorized bodies should be guided by the results of the assessment of the natural, architectural, economic, geographical, industrial and social potential of the area.
In this case:
- To provide for the improvement of the sanitary-hygienic and ecological state of nature, the preservation of cultural and historical monuments.
- Determine the rational directions for the development of the area.
- Take into account the prospects for expanding the real estate market.
When planning and developing rural / urban settlements, zoning of the territory is carried out with the definition of the types of preferential use and restrictions.