In the Russian Federation, there is a developed system of organizations providing medical services to the population. Such institutions are called health facilities - medical institutions. They carry out diagnostics, therapy and measures to prevent the occurrence of various diseases. Over the past few years, a tendency has been observed in Russia to increase mortality and decrease fertility and life expectancy. This is due to the difficult economic situation in the country. Citizens of Russia, of course, need to provide quality medical services. It is for this that such organizations as healthcare facilities are created.
Classification of institutions
This article discusses the types of health facilities and their description. These organizations are divided into several types according to the nature of the medical services they provide.
The following types of
treatment facilities are available :
- Outpatient.
- Hospitals.
- Sanatoriums, dispensaries and resorts.
This classification does not include emergency stations, organizations for providing medical services to pregnant women and women in labor (maternity hospitals, antenatal clinics), as well as institutions whose task is to prevent diseases. In addition, medical treatment facilities for children and blood transfusion centers are considered separately.
Types of medical facilities (stationary) and their brief characteristics
These organizations are aimed at providing emergency medical services, as well as for examining and treating patients whose condition requires complex diagnostic and therapeutic measures. There are hospitals that provide medical care for people with various types of diseases (cardiological, otolaryngological and so on). These institutions consist of several units. This type of organization also includes maternity hospitals.
There are specialized hospitals that treat patients with only a certain group of diseases. A stationary institution, in the territory of which, in addition to diagnosis and treatment, research work is carried out, is called a clinic. The hospital in which medical services are provided to the military and combatants is called a military hospital.
Outpatient facilities
Organizations of this type include dispensaries. In such institutions, diagnostics and therapy of patients with certain groups of pathologies (mental, cancerous, tuberculous, skin) are carried out. In this case, the well-being of patients does not require hospitalization in a hospital. Workers of this type of healthcare facility monitor patients, provide medical services, and prevent various diseases among the population.
Outpatient organizations also include clinics whose employees provide medical assistance to the population of nearby territories. The list of hospitals includes institutions located in villages and villages. They are called outpatient clinics. In addition, in rural areas there are feldsher-midwife stations. Employees of such institutions provide emergency care and prevent various diseases.
Health centers
Health centers do not apply to the above types of health care facilities. They are usually part of other medical organizations. Such institutions carry out emergency measures in cases of intoxication, bodily injury, infectious diseases. The employees of health centers also carry out preventive work. Often such institutions are part of the health units that are adjacent to enterprises and provide medical services to their staff. The Ministry of Emergencies is a comprehensive organization that includes not only a health center, but also a clinic, a hospital, and spa facilities.
First aid points
These organizations conduct emergency medical measures in situations where there is a real threat to the patient's life or in the presence of chronic pathologies in the acute phase. SMP stations hospitalize people who need treatment in a hospital setting.
This usually occurs in the following situations:
- Burns.
- Intoxication.
- Injuries.
- Severe infections.
- Terminal states.
- Childbirth.
- Acute diseases of various organs and systems.
Hospitalization
The above term refers to the placement of a patient in a hospital. Hospitalization is urgent when the patient's condition requires urgent medical care, so he is taken to a medical institution in a special machine. With the planned hospitalization, a doctor sends to the hospital with the aim of conducting diagnostics and therapy, which is difficult to do on an outpatient basis. In some cases, the doctor transfers the patient from one medical institution to another. If a person was injured or felt a sharp deterioration in physical condition on the street, he can go to any hospital, trauma center or station for emergency treatment.
Military hospital
The employees of this institution provide medical services to the military, reserve officers, combatants and, if necessary, their relatives. Military hospitals treat viral, surgical, neurological, mental pathologies. Also, in the territory of these organizations, they carry out complex therapy, operations, assistance with injuries, transportation and hospitalization of victims, isolation of patients with various infectious diseases and severe nervous disorders.
Health facilities for children
A significant decrease in the number of minor citizens who do not have any chronic pathologies occurred due to deficiencies in the work of pediatric hospitals. After all, it is these organizations that are responsible for the health status of future generations. To preserve it, clinic staff are required to conduct regular examinations, as well as diagnostic and preventive measures among minors.
Unfortunately, today the system of work of many organizations of this type needs to be reformed. One such institution, a children's dispensary, provides medical services to minors. A pediatric general practitioner working in this organization can, if necessary, give directions to his patients for consultations of other specialists.
Types of health facilities for children are also hospitals and motels. The hospital provides emergency medical care to persons under fourteen years of age who are diagnosed with acute diseases, pathologies requiring surgical intervention, conditions that require constant monitoring and control by doctors. A sanatorium for children is an institution that seeks to rehabilitate a child after an illness, surgery or injury.
Clinics
There are institutions in which they carry out therapy and prevention of various diseases and provide medical care at home. This type of health facility is called a polyclinic. This organization is distinguished by a large number of divisions; many specialists of various profiles work in it.
In clinics there are rooms for diagnostics, laboratory tests, physiotherapy, consultations, vaccinations. Patients may come for procedures or to see a doctor at certain hours of work. These facilities can also provide referrals to a hospital or sanatorium if patients need them. In addition, clinic workers conduct preventive examinations.
Sanatoriums
These organizations are established in places with natural and environmental conditions that are best suited to restore health. The main characteristics of this type of healthcare facilities are as follows:
- They are aimed not only at treatment, but also at rehabilitation, as well as strengthening immunity with the help of special procedures.
- They suggest the creation of favorable conditions for the restoration of the body: physiotherapy, exercise therapy, therapeutic nutrition, mild climate.
- There are sanatoriums for adults, for children with parents and for adolescents.
These institutions can be specialized, that is, to provide their services to patients with certain pathologies (diseases of the lungs, heart, gastrointestinal tract, endocrine glands, and so on). Contraindications for treatment in such health facilities are complications during the period of bearing a child, late pregnancy, breastfeeding, and viral diseases. However, there are specialized sanatoriums for expectant mothers, sometimes doctors send women there. Persons of puberty who have pathologies that have arisen against the background of hormonal changes in the body can also undergo therapy in health facilities of a sanatorium-resort type.
Prevention
This type of institution is slightly different from the previous one. It has its own characteristics. What is the difference between the two types of hospitals - sanatoriums and dispensaries? The second, unlike the first, are located next to factories, factories and agricultural institutions. In dispensaries, treatment and rehabilitation measures are carried out for employees of the above organizations. Unlike sanatoriums, people can visit these health centers not during the vacation period, but after the end of the working day.
The treatment dispensary is also aimed at diagnosing, treating, and preventing diseases associated with a particular work activity (for example, work in industry, in the chemical industry). These organizations can provide medical services to patients who do not require hospitalization or visits to sanatoriums and resorts.
Hospices
Sometimes the condition of patients is so serious that they cannot be helped either in the hospital or at home. This can be associated with serious, incurable pathologies (for example, cancers in the last stage), accompanied by severe pain, which can only be reduced in a specialized hospital. These institutions are hospices.
In addition to oncology, they also provide assistance with severe brain diseases, dementia, and the consequences of serious bodily injuries. If the doctors at the local clinic cannot provide their services to the patient, and he needs constant care and procedures aimed at alleviating the condition and reducing pain, he can be sent to a hospice. This organization also accepts people who, due to the difficult situation in the family, cannot be provided with proper medical care at home.
The first hospices were built in France in the 19th century. Now in our country there are many such institutions. The most famous hospices in Moscow are the “European Clinic” and the First Moscow Hospice. V.V. Millionschikova. The first organization was created with the goal of providing palliative services to patients with malignant neoplasms when the doctor confirmed that the pathology is incurable. In addition to specialists who help patients cope with pain, psychotherapists work in this institution to support the relatives of a person suffering from cancer.
Unfortunately, many state institutions of this type cannot provide enough free places, and the quality of the medical services that are offered there leaves much to be desired. Therefore, some hospices in Moscow work on a paid basis. Thanks to the help of qualified medical personnel, the quality of life of even terminally ill people can be significantly improved.