Since ancient times, a fairly close relationship has been established between man and the plant world. There are some species that people plant themselves, look after seedlings, then harvest. But in nature there are species that develop regardless of human activity. Cultivated plants, the names of which will be given below, are of particular importance to people. What are the species included in this category? About this, as well as about which plants are cultural, further in the article.
general information
The groups of cultivated plants, the list of which will be given below, are grown by humans to obtain feed for farm animals, food products, industrial, medicinal and other raw materials and for other purposes. In accordance with the eighth edition of the International Nomenclature Code, today three categories are recognized by which the representatives of the flora under consideration are divided. These include, in particular, the species, group and grex (for orchids). They are received all from wild grades. In this case, selection, hybridization or genetic engineering methods were used. When searching for wild varieties for breeding cultivated plants and their subsequent use, a doctrine was formed about the centers of origin of agricultural crops. So, Vavilov, summarizing the available knowledge, identified 7 main centers. It must be said that groups of cultivated plants, unlike wild varieties, do not have natural distribution zones (ranges).
Modification of wild varieties
As a result of selection, wild-growing crops began to yield high yields in the new climate or on new soils - in conditions unusual for them. As a result, some varieties have changed so much that it is now difficult to determine their ancestors. To increase agricultural productivity, people began to use fertilizers. Along with this, pest control was carried out using insecticides and fungicides.
Cultivated plants. Examples. Classification
The following groups of cultivated plants exist:
- Decorative (rose).
- Cereals and cereals (e.g. wheat, corn, rice).
- Legumes (soy, beans, etc.).
- Sugar-bearing (sugar beet).
- Starchy (potatoes, sweet potatoes).
- Fibrous.
- Oilseeds (sunflower).
- Fruit (apples, pears, pineapples).
- Vegetables (dill, cucumbers, tomatoes).
- Melons (melons, watermelons).
- Stimulating (poppy, coffee, tea).
Description
Groups of cultivated plants are determined in accordance with various characteristics. Classification is widely used in accordance with the economic purpose of a particular variety. So, there are groups of medicinal, melliferous, dyeing, spinning, fodder, food, technical and other cultivated plants. As a variety of this classification (less convenient and, therefore, rarely used), separation can be made in accordance with the substances present in them. In this case, for example, alkaloid-containing, protein-containing, oil-bearing and others are distinguished. Mixed classification is also often used: along with food, medicinal, and fodder, oil, fibrous, and spicy-aromatic groups of cultivated plants are also distinguished. However, classification is considered the most logical and well-developed system in accordance with the industry principle.
Separation according to agricultural sectors
Specialists identify groups of cultivated plants according to the type of agricultural activity: fruit growing, vegetable growing and field cultivation. Accordingly, there are fruit, vegetable and field varieties. The second, in turn, is divided into root vegetables (radishes, carrots, beets), leaf (lettuce, spinach, cabbage), fruit (cucumber, tomato), stem (asparagus, kohlrabi), onion (garlic, onions). In many cases, taste (spicy aromatic) cultivated plants (parsley, dill) are considered as a special subgroup. Tubers are varieties with edible tubers. Potato (in Europe), cassava and yams (in Africa) are among the main foods.
Field varieties
This group of plants includes crops (cereals - rye, wheat, legumes - lentils, soybeans, peas, cereals - millet, buckwheat, root crops (turnips, beets), tubers (potatoes), spinners (hemp, flax, cotton ), oilseeds (mustard, peanuts, sunflowers), fodder herbs (alfalfa, clover) .In some cases, the melon varieties are also considered field crops : pumpkin, watermelon, melon. But, as a rule, it is more convenient to consider them as separate crops or as part vegetable cultural groups. According to experts, it is advisable also separately allocate medicinal grade (valerian, foxglove, etc.), essential oil (lavender, coriander), as well as specific types (shag tobacco).
Fruit varieties
This group includes agricultural crops that produce juicy fruits. They, in turn, are divided into stone fruits (apricot, plum, cherry), pome seeds (quince, pear, apple tree), berries (currants, strawberries, raspberries, strawberries). The same group in some cases includes citrus fruits (orange, lemon), walnut (hazelnuts, almonds, walnuts). In fruit and berry, a subgroup of subtropical varieties is sometimes distinguished. These include, in particular, medlar, pomegranate, and fig. Such crops as rose hips, sea buckthorn and other vitamin-bearing ones are considered close to fruit and berry.
Cereals
In the entire group of field crops, cereal plants are considered the most important. Among the most popular species, rice, wheat, rye, oats, corn, and millet should be noted. According to various sources, these cultures occupy about three quarters of the entire arable land of the planet. Wheat is grown almost everywhere: it is the main bread for a person that he consumes every day. Part of the crop is also used for cattle feeding. An equally important crop is rice. In Asian countries, it is considered a staple food. With automatic harvesting, threshing, for example, wheat in a combine, clean grain is obtained. Improving the aggregates, a person adapts them for the collection of other crops, such as soybeans, corn and others.