The relevance of the determination of crime is associated with the importance of determining the causes of unlawful acts. Identification of factors provoking them is one of the key criminological tasks. Under crime it is customary to understand a complex phenomenon generated by a complex of circumstances and causes. To understand it in more detail, it is necessary to select all the components and consider them separately.
Causes and consequences
In criminology, the concept of the determination of crime is closely related to the causality of the phenomenon - it is the reasons for the representatives of this science that are most important among other factors included in the structure of the wrongful act. It is important not only to analyze the initial premises, but also to correctly identify the categories. The study of criminal offenses is possible only in a situation where the responsible persons know the maximum data about the circumstances - it is they who determine the structure of the phenomenon, the content of the offense. Determination involves the determination of relationships between causes and effects, the identification of relationships of conditions, factors.
In science, causality as a form of crime determination is a genetic relationship between varieties, forms of matter during its evolution and movement. Its essence is a consequence that appears due to some reason. The phenomenon is inherently strictly objective.
Picture: in general and details
Considering the determination and causality of crime, you should first turn to the general meaning of the second phenomenon. From the point of view of philosophy, this is an all-consuming effect. There is no phenomenon for which there is no reason, there is no phenomenon that itself would not have acted in this capacity for some consequence. When it comes to an offense, a statement about the need for a relationship of cause and effect is taken as the basic setting. Crime at this point of view turns into the result of the interaction of conditions, premises.
Considering the features of causality as a form of determination of crime, take into account the impossibility of a pure connection between the consequences and the events that provoked it. Objectively, there is always a correlation and functions, structural and systemic, which determine the connections of a phenomenon, the complex of which leads to the commission of an unlawful act. For a specialist engaged in the study of the criminological process, it is important to determine all forms of communication that are present in a particular case. The category of determination becomes a general concept that includes all forms of connections between processes and phenomena within the framework of the topic under consideration. We can say that causality is one of the varieties of determination, but it has, according to many researchers, a much greater influence on the phenomenon than any others. Some also argue that causality is the essence of determination.
General and different
Speaking about the determination and causality of crime, it should be mentioned that the difference between the categories manifests itself most vividly when studying the micro level of the phenomenon. Focusing on a strict definition, one has to admit the presence of a rigid connection, in which some phenomenon passes into another. In reality, such relationships are clearly visible only when observing the simplest situations. In practice, the bulk of violations of the law are those in which there is a huge number of cause-effect relationships, heterogeneous in nature, affecting the participants to varying degrees. They mix and intertwine, which greatly complicates the definition of simple dependencies, and often makes this absolutely impossible.
In the framework of the course in criminology, they analyze in detail what is meant by the determination of crime, consider what entities this process can be decomposed, and the listeners always pay special attention to the reasons, concept and content of this term. Officially, causes are defined as phenomena due to which the consequence is determined. To determine them, it is necessary to consider a certain system or subgroup of phenomena, to identify the relationships of subordination between processes and factors.
Causes and consequences: when and how?
Considering the determinants, the determination of crime, as the cause of one event, they consider the other only in the case of the correct time sequence (the reason must be earlier than the investigation), the regularity of the outcome from the first second. Speaking of patterns, one should distinguish this phenomenon from inevitability. In addition, one event can be considered the cause of another, if the second cannot happen without it, that is, it is a prerequisite for the investigation.
Causality as a form of determination of crime allows us to consider individual factors as the initial base of some act violating the laws. If it is necessary to consider a complex phenomenon, take into account that the foundation is diverse, and all its components can be divided into primary, secondary, permanent and non-permanent, as well as objective, subjective. Some forensics believe that it is possible to get ahead of some main reason, which could fully explain why crime in the current conditions exists as a diverse phenomenon. There are other opinions that require considering the abundance of premises at different levels. For example, a general philosophical explanation of crime is possible through social contradictions.
Phenomenon conditions
Causality as a form of determination of crime requires an analysis of the conditions of the phenomenon. The reasons in the accepted terminology are usually designated as negative factors that provoke crime, and the conditions that contribute to the achievement of the event become the conditions. Conditions are usually divided into objective and non-internal, external ones. The generally accepted division scheme allows for a specific case to establish what were the factors that externally influenced the person, how personality traits affected, how much this determined the actions of the individual.
Although the described approach to the determination of crime in criminology is widespread, it must be remembered that it admits certain inaccuracies. Defining some phenomena as prerequisites, while others writing in conditions, it should be remembered that separation is conditional. The same phenomenon in different cases will play different roles, somewhere manifesting itself as a cause, somewhere acting as a condition. Considering what is meant by the determinants and determination of crime (causes, conditions, causality), you need to remember that hierarchical division is designed primarily to protect forensics from flaws in methodology and factor theory.
Crime factors
As part of the determination of crime, attention must be paid to factors. The term has become widespread, denotes a reason that activates a certain process, determines its nature or features. In forensic science, the factor approach has been practiced since the nineteenth century - it was then that the theory of factors appeared. Such an approach is characterized by a wide variety of concepts that put a certain circumstance or group of those at the center. It is through him that the content of the crime and its character, nature are explained. The theory of factors forces us to choose a certain side of the action as the main, dominant one.
From the criminological history and stages of development of approaches to the determination of crime, it is known that cases of applying the theory of factors with the choice of key phenomena formally were extremely frequent earlier. It seemed to researchers that in this way it is possible to determine the essence of a criminal act. Such factors were considered as the dominant features of the process of law crime. Currently, this approach is strongly disputed by many.
Factors: approach development
The determination of crime currently involves the consideration of the factor as a multifaceted term that includes the cause of the phenomenon being studied. It defines the characteristics of the crime and its nature. A factor can be called a group of reasons that are characterized by a certain dominant sign that controls the development of an unlawful act. Another understanding of a factor as a phenomenon of determination is the combination of a cause, circumstance, condition within a single term. Some believe that it is reasonable to combine the reason, the condition in the factor, and here also relate the phenomenon with which the functional relationship has been clarified. With this interpretation of the term considered by us, it becomes a feature of a social phenomenon, process, includes the ability to change a combination of situations, to subordinate to itself a change in the criminological situation.
Causality as a form of crime determination does not allow one-dimensional consideration of this phenomenon. It is necessary to have a set of tasks, goals - only with this approach can an objective picture of what is happening be formed. Currently, among criminologists, several approaches to identifying the causal complex have become widespread. There is also an opinion that the criminal nature is homogeneous, which means that a waste of time and effort is the allocation of circumstances that control a single event and those that are repeated with some frequency. The causes of the process itself are virtually the same, and the difference lies in the strength of the effect on human behavior.
Alternative view: complex
Different from the type of crime determination described above, it implies an assessment of the causal complex as a heterogeneous phenomenon, for which it is necessary to distinguish hierarchy levels. A complete picture of the prerequisites for crime cannot be obtained by conducting only microcriminological research. An approach seems reasonable, in the framework of which they determine the general causes of the phenomenon, as well as explaining certain types of criminal acts and revealing a specific event.
Each of these levels assumes the existence of conditions under which criminal behavior becomes possible, its causes develop.
Nuances of cases: weaker sex
Of particular interest is the determination of female crime. The complex of reasons that provoke crime in this environment has certain nuances. Statistics prove that a moral decline among women is less common than among men, but if this happens, the process is swift and deeper.
In many ways, crime in the female environment is associated with the mismatch of the needs of the fair sex in labor, profession and the real situation, when a woman is actually ousted from the employment market. The last few decades for our country have been accompanied by economic crises and serious social changes, which affected the well-being of all citizens, and, according to experts, the impact on women's lives has become especially negative. Today, the current problems are lack of work, low wages. Among all unemployed in our country, women account for up to 70%.
About the reasons: female crime
As part of the determination of this phenomenon, it is necessary to take into account that up to half of those employed in industry in unskilled, hard work of citizens are women. About a million ladies are employed in the construction industry, where mechanization is estimated at 30%. There is practically no restriction on attracting women to work, as well as a complete ban on such practice, and women work on equal terms with men, with the same working hours, despite physical weakness and low resistance to aggressive factors.
These conditions lead to the fact that women can not cope with the load, especially since the work itself has nothing to do with prestige or public respect. It is impossible to cherish it, and the inflow of money is quite small, so it’s not a pity to completely abandon such work, choosing instead a criminal way to obtain the necessary benefits. Statistical studies have shown that the main percentage of female strollers previously worked in hard work, not prestigious, requiring a low level of skill. Every fifth woman convicted of crimes has no qualification at all. From this it was concluded that unskilled work involving female hands is an important factor in the criminogenicity of a public stop.
And our name is the legion!
An equally important issue for modern criminology is the determination of organized crime. This phenomenon is due to contradictions between different spheres of life - politics, economics, spiritual and social aspects. This is largely due to the inconsistency of social development in recent decades. Society faces the problem of overcoming various crisis phenomena, and not the last ones in this list are criminal. The fight against them requires the attraction of human resources, the development of legal standards, material, information, technical resources. Identifying the causes and conditions of the phenomenon is an element of the system of social relationships, and crime itself is the consequences of the functioning of society.
The determination of organized crime in criminology made it possible to determine that the phenomenon is controlled by complex processes that capture all areas of social life. Economic and social changes are most affected. The transition to a market form without an alternative to state structures leads to instability.
About the reasons in more detail
In identifying what affects the intensification of organized crime most, the redistribution of property, accompanied by unstable market relations and a lack of legal norms, should be noted first. A peculiar wild market allows individuals to make substantial profits using illegal and dishonest ways. Abuses in the financial sector, credit fraud - another reason for causing social stability serious damage.
The specifics of the determination of organized crime is associated with the lack of a clear regulation of relations within the market. This provokes abuse not only in the domestic economic life of the country, but also in the external. Cases of illegal transportation of materials and raw materials across the border have become more frequent. Some people hide money abroad and conduct an incorrect trade exchange, due to instability or low quotation of the national currency.
Wild market leads to a gross violation of consumer rights. Pricing rules are not respected, certification is often neglected, and some outlets do not have licenses. For sale low-quality, fake goods.
Violence: the relevance of the problem
In our country, violence is quite widespread due to historical background and processes characteristic of the last century. Perestroika, reforms - all this provoked the formation of factors that became determinants in the determination of violent crime. As a rule, they primarily speak of a decrease in the standard of living, which leads to aggressiveness among the masses. According to average estimates, more than half of the nation’s population is forced to survive in poverty, and different social groups have very different income levels. Up to 60% of people convicted of violent crimes did not have a steady income, a stable source of livelihood.
The growth of organized crime and the volume of benefits thus obtained play a role. Competitors are pursued by gangs, robbery is practiced in order to dominate the market, and extortion. Even the killing of "interfering", terrorism is allowed. All this is observed against the background of deformed morality and a decline in spirituality in the bulk of the population. Violence is promoted through the media, the media. Opinions are widely spread that a conflict situation can be resolved by force. Educational institutions do not give a high level of moral education, which also affects the growth of crime, as a determinant of the phenomenon.
Aspects and factors
Violent crime in our country is explained by the negative changes in social psychology observed against the backdrop of increased criminalization. , , , . , , . , . , – , . , .
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The low level of efficiency of law enforcement agencies in general is another key factor affecting all types of illegal acts, affecting the violent sphere of crimes and the features of the determination of professional crime. The main task of the law enforcement structure is to punish the guilty, and the punishment should be inevitable, but in practice the level of latent crime is increased, but the disclosure leaves much to be desired. Preventive measures, punishments do not show the desired result.
But I'm a pro!
Recently, the problem of professional crime has come to the fore, closely related to relapses and organized forms of the phenomenon. Professional criminals often easily hide from justice, which does not allow them to be classified as repeat offenders, while an impressive percentage of repeat offenders are professional criminals who are interested in organizing, joining their efforts to uphold interests and satisfy needs. Professional and organized crime are closely related and cause one another. Professional criminals are almost completely involved in various kinds of formations. But there is a nuance.
Forensics note that organized crime cannot be considered a simple combination of professionals and repeat offenders. In fact, this is a fundamentally new phenomenon that attracts more and more new participants who have not previously committed anything illegal and are not professionals.
Organized Crime: Features
A researcher from Sicily Fava is convinced that the mafia exists, because there is poverty, illiteracy, the number of patients in society is great. Superstition, a tendency to violence, and weak social and cultural progress also influence this. The pursuit of wealth is one of the main catalysts for organized crime. Currently, it has become an international phenomenon affecting the interests of various powers. The organized crime of our day is an element of competition, the conquest of new markets. Organized criminal activity includes terrorist acts, corruption, invasion of the territory of other states and the spheres of influence of other countries. Such actions are organized, including through global organizations - sects, communities.
Recently, criminal processes are prone to globalization, while a conflict between the poorest and richest segments of the population is emerging on a planetary level. The polar sides here are not separate people, but social groups, between which confrontation is growing.