Sambo began to be developed in the 30s in the USSR. This kind of wrestling includes a huge number of techniques taken from national martial arts. Sambo can be divided into sports and combat. They have differences. It is necessary to distinguish among themselves these variations before a specific sambo section is selected. This review will focus on this martial arts.
The creation of martial arts for the NKVD officers
Spiridonov V.A. began to develop sambo. It was he who became the first creator of this martial art. In the period from 1922 to 1933 he developed and described in several books self-defense techniques. The basis for its creation was taken in English and French boxing, “household fight”, as well as Japanese martial art of ju-jutsu.
All the battle technique of Spiridonov is divided into several sections. These are booster, leverage, strokes, combined tricks, pressing and squeezing, conclusions from balance and twisting. On the basis of this technique, he proposed methods of defense against various seizures and from attacks by an armed enemy. Spiridonov conducted a self-defense course without weapons (sambo) for the NKVD officers. At first, the struggle was called “himself”, then it was renamed “self-defense”. And only with time did martial arts get their final name - sambo.
The technical arsenal of martial art included punches, kicks, painful techniques on the joints, as well as strangulation. Receptions were to be held in the rack. The fight in the stalls did not exist then. A sambo kimono in those days looked like a jacket with a belt sewn to it. Also, the soldiers put on wrestling tights. As shoes, military-style boots were used.
Martial Arts Formation
The second creator of sambo is V. Oshchepkov. In 1911, he underwent a judo training course, at the end of which he received 2nd dan. In the period from 1922 to 1925, Oshchepkov collaborated with military intelligence and was located in China. There he became acquainted with Wushu styles. In the period from 1929 to 1939 he lived in Moscow, often traveled to Leningrad. Everywhere he propagated judo. And he did this not only among the command staff of the army, but also among students. Compared to Spiridonov, who did not allow learning the system of people who were not in the service, Oshchepkov strove for opposite goals. He wanted judo to be familiar to everyone.
He held sambo workshops. This happened in different cities. The program of such seminars was divided into several sections. The first involved a demonstration of throws, leverage, strangulation and strikes (basic technique). The second section was aimed at showing the methods of defense against attack from the enemy, who was armed with a knife, stick or revolver. At the third stage of the seminar, hand-to-hand fighting techniques between two unarmed opponents were demonstrated. Oshchepkov tried to teach freestyle wrestling. That is what he called this martial art.
Oshchepkov's demonstration performances in sambo did not go unnoticed. It always made a big splash among people. As a result, wrestling was included in the curriculum for students of physical education educational institutions. Separate techniques were included in the TRP complex. In 1932, a collection was released. It summarized the principles of the freestyle wrestling system, which was based on martial arts judo. The book was about preparatory exercises, insurance, competition rules, etc.
Differences from Judo
If we compare the struggle with classical judo, then it had some differences. Oshchepkovym was changed kimono for sambo. In addition, he eliminated the rituals. He replaced the hard tatami with a thick soft carpet. To everything else, the technique was supplemented with some techniques characteristic of other martial arts. The fight that Oshchepkov, a sambo trainer taught his students, was more athletic and accessible for mass distribution than the martial art that Spiridonov developed.
Combination of two martial arts in one
In the late 30s, the martial arts of Spiridonov and Oshchepkov were combined. This was done by Volkov V.P., who studied with both trainers. He described his attempt in a manual for the NKVD schools. His work was continued by Kharlampiev. He also published a book called Sambo Wrestling. This manual was published in 1949. However, they excluded strikes, strangulation, dangerous throws and defensive techniques against armed opponents. Thus, it was he who divided the fight into sports and combat. Both varieties have been described in books.
Wrestling
So, sambo is a sports kind of martial arts. Martial art is very popular in many countries of the world. At the present stage, it includes several thousand different techniques. And they are not used for attack. Russian athletes were able to win many tournaments in the history of the struggle. The sports variety of martial arts is divided into weight categories. Points are awarded for performing techniques of varying difficulty. The athlete can win ahead of schedule. To do this, he will need to perform a painful technique, put the opponent on his back, while remaining in the rack, or get 12 points more.
Martial art
Fighting sambo classes involve training in striking both hands and feet. It is also possible to carry out throws, painful moves, retention, etc. Many people believe that such a martial art violates the philosophy of wrestling, since attention is focused more on attack. However, leading experts do not agree with this opinion, believing that the struggle is used for self-defense. Combat Sambo of Russia began to develop in the 30s by Spiridonov. But this has already been described in more detail above. The fight includes a huge set of punches, tricks. For this reason, it is similar to many martial arts. But there is one big difference. This is our national martial art.
Important elements of martial art
There is one condition that is taken into account regardless of which sambo section was chosen: classes are held on a wrestling mat. It is collected from tightly folded mats. They may have tarpaulin, flannel or other type of coating. The carpet for the fight includes a working space, a safety zone, which is made of covering mats. The whole system should be attached to the floor with the help of rails, wound under mats, located at the edges.
If there are no mats, then you can use chips and sawdust. The first layer should be at least 20 cm thick. To create it, you should use chips. The thickness of the second layer should not be less than 15 cm. Sawdust should be used to create it. Both layers must be carefully tamped and aligned. It is necessary to prepare the work surface. To do this, you need to pull the tarp onto the resulting structure. It will be necessary to fix it around the perimeter with the help of rails. They must be carefully adjusted to each other. This will help prevent the contents from spilling out after being hit.
If you decide to engage in wrestling, then you should understand that each sambo section implies that the athlete has special clothing. This is a combat jacket without a collar, a fabric belt, sports pants and special shoes - wrestling shoes.
Also in the fight are actively using sports equipment. We are talking about dumbbells, weights, barbells and other objects, due to which you can develop strength. The training system uses both the weight of the athlete and the weight of his opponent.
Philosophy of martial art
Sambo of Russia is not only a kind of martial arts. The struggle implies a whole system with which you can educate and develop moral-volitional qualities, patriotism and citizenship. Sambo is a science of defense, but not attack. Martial arts will not only teach self-defense. It will also provide rich life experience, contribute to the formation of a solid character, stamina and endurance. It is these qualities that will be required not only in work, but also in social activities.
Sambo for adults and children is an activity that helps to develop self-discipline. With the help of martial arts, an internal moral support is formed, a strong personal position, which affects the achievement of goals set for oneself. With the help of the struggle, the social support of society will be formed: people who can stand up for themselves and for their family.
Martial arts traditions
The traditions of martial art originate from the culture of the peoples of Russia, from the types of wrestling. This combat system includes the best techniques from national martial arts. At the time of its formation, fist fights, wrestling (Russian, Georgian, Tatar, Armenian, Kazakh, Uzbek) were taken as the basis. Also took into account the techniques characteristic of boxing (French and English). The free-American, English wrestling, judo, sumo and other types of martial arts did not go unnoticed.
Sambo competitions are based on the search for all the most advanced and expedient, on continuous improvement, updating. The combat system is open to all the best. Together with numerous methods of struggle, national martial arts absorbed the moral principles characteristic of different peoples. Sambo embodied part of the cultures inherent in different countries. And at the present stage, people who practice sambo are not only learning the methods of self-defense. They gain enormous experience helping them to form worthy behavior based on the values of patriotism and citizenship.
What can not be done
The history of sambo is connected with the history of Russia, with victories. Fighting is a living symbol of the continuity of different generations.
For sambo, as well as for other types of competitions, the presence of prohibited actions is characteristic. For them, the judges punish quite strictly. Forbidden:
- Throw vis-a-vis on the head or with a grip on the pain technique. It is forbidden to fall on the opponent with the whole body during the throw.
- Perform strangulation, pinched mouth or nose.
- Kick, bite or scratch.
- To do painful techniques on the spine, to perform twisting of the neck, squeezing the head with arms and legs.
- Press the head against the carpet and cross your legs on the counterpart.
- To rest with the hands, feet and head in the face.
- Crush your elbows or knees on top.
- Grab your fingers or toes.
- Bend your arms behind your back, perform painful techniques on the hands.
- Twist the legs behind the heel, perform “knots” on the feet.
- Perform painful jerks or while standing
These are the main prohibitions that coaches instill in conducting sambo classes.
Conclusion
In this review, such a martial art as sambo was considered. It arose relatively recently. But for all the time of its existence it managed to attract attention from many countries of the world. And perhaps soon the fight will be included in the program of the Olympics. What we sincerely wish for this national martial art of Russia!