Strength, speed, endurance, flexibility - how can all this be called in one word? The answer is simple: human motor abilities. Some of them are inherent potential, some need systematic and purposeful development. We will analyze motor abilities by type, present their characteristics. We also touch on their internal classification.
Definition of a concept
Motor (physical) abilities are a combination of psychophysical and morphological human properties that will meet the requirements of any muscle activity, ensure the effectiveness of its implementation.
I must say that different people have individual physical abilities from birth. Their subsequent development or lack thereof increases the difference between us even more. In addition, someone can concentrate on improving themselves in power abilities, someone in terms of endurance, someone wants to be flexible. All this makes the differences more significant.
Separate physical motor abilities are also those qualities with which we can characterize this or that person. Hardy, fast, strong, flexible, agile and so on.
Another concept is honestly connected with our concept - the physical qualities of a person. These are the innate anatomical, physiological, psychological qualities of each of us. They directly affect the development of human motor abilities. In addition, the improvement of the latter depends on the following:
- character, willpower;
- life goals;
- environment, social circle;
- ease of mastering new skills;
- load tolerance and so on.
Types of abilities
What motor abilities of a person exist? The main ones are the following:
- Power.
- Coordinating.
- High speed.
- Flexibility.
- Endurance.
Let's look at each of the categories presented in detail.
Power Abilities
What are these human abilities? Their complex is based on the concept of "muscle strength." This is the name of the effort that a person needs to perform any movement, move his body or maintain its position in space.
Muscular strength in terms of physical human capabilities - the ability to overcome external opposition, to interfere with it due to their own muscular tension. It depends on the following:
- Muscle mass.
- The quality of muscle coordination.
- The contractile properties of muscles are the ratio of red and white tissue fibers.
- Central nervous factors.
- Psychological and personal prerequisites.
How can muscles, in fact, demonstrate their strength abilities? There are several options:
- Increase in own length.
- Decrease in own length.
- No change in own length.
- With a change in both length and muscle tension.
The dynamic work of muscles is the first two cases, the static work is the third, the statodynamic work is the last example.
Varieties of Power Abilities
Based on the foregoing, these human motor abilities are divided into additional categories:
- High-speed power. Fast movements of inferior or overcoming form, quick switching from overcoming to inferior work, and vice versa. That is, actions where, along with speed, speed of movement is important. One of the varieties of these abilities will be "explosive force" - the manifestation of large quantities of force in minimal time.
- Actually power. There will be two varieties inside. The first is the retention of limiting weights for a certain period with maximum muscle tension. The second is moving objects with a lot of weight.
The concept of "human power" is also divided into two groups:
- Absolute - the maximum force that will be shown by a person in any movement, regardless of the weight of his body.
- Relative - the magnitude of the force, which will fall on 1 kg of mass.
Speed abilities
High-speed motor abilities - a set of functional properties that ensure the performance of physical actions for the minimum time for current conditions.
These abilities appear in two forms - elementary and complex.
The following are elementary:
- The quick response of a person to a signal.
- Performing local single movements with maximum speed for the individual.
- Sharpness - the ability to quickly start any action.
- The ability to perform certain movements at the fastest pace.
These elementary species are most often combined with other motor abilities. Their combination (complex, in other words) will form the next group. The complex category includes:
- Speed starting abilities. This ability to quickly gain speed at the start of the action to the maximum individually possible.
- Remote speed abilities. Exit to the maximum level of distance speed.
- Quick switching from one movement, action to another qualitatively.
Speed abilities: the main factors of influence
Both the formation of motor abilities and their manifestation, development in this case will be affected by the following:
- Motility of the nervous processes. What does it mean? The speed of transition of nervous processes from a state of rest to a state of excitement and vice versa.
- The ratio of muscle tissue fibers, their elasticity, extensibility.
- The effectiveness of coordination is intramuscular and intramuscular.
- Development of volitional qualities, strength, coordination, flexibility.
- The level of perfection of the technique of movements.
What is coordination?
The most common definition is the transformation of the actions of their organs into a controlled system. On this path, a person encounters many difficulties - the distribution of his own attention between the movements of the joints, parts of the body, the need for their coordination (movements), overcoming a large number of degrees of freedom inherent in the body, elastic muscular flexibility.
For motor activity, three types of coordination are necessary:
- Nervous. Coordination of nervous processes that are able to control movements through muscle tension.
- Muscular Coordination of the muscles transmitting from the nervous system and other addressees of the control team to parts of the body.
- Propulsion. Coordination of combinations of movements of body parts in time and space, which should correspond to the performed motor task.
The concept of “coordination” is also important. This is the name for the harmonious combination of performed movements and the task, the conditions of activity and the state of the body.
Coordination abilities
What then will be considered motor coordination abilities? This is a set of properties of an individual, which manifests itself in solving various coordination complexity of motor tasks. They are responsible for the success of its implementation. The basis of motor ability here is an understanding of the task, a quick search for ways to implement it.
What specific species are they represented? First of all, the following stand out:
- Differentiation of various parameters of action - power, time, space and so on.
- Orientation in space.
- Equilibrium.
- Connection and rearrangement of movements.
- Quick adaptation to a changing situation, an unusually assigned task.
- Performing tasks in a specific rhythm.
- Controlling the duration of your motor reaction.
- Anticipation of various signs of movements, conditions for their implementation, changes in the environment and so on.
- Rational muscle relaxation.
Note that in life, these abilities are no longer manifested in pure form, but in various combinations with each other.
What is agility?
Agility is the unifying component of all these coordination abilities. It is necessary to perform motor tasks in unusual, rapidly and unexpectedly changing conditions, with a complication of the situation. Agility allows you to quickly get out of a difficult situation, to show adaptability, maneuverability, and redirected actions. This is the readiness of the individual for unpredictable and sudden influences that are not dependent on him.
Agility is not a purely physical quality. A large role in improving the motor ability of the central nervous system. Many scientists call wisdom the cause of dexterity. In this case, it is a certain experience of behavior in various situations.
Dexterity is a psychophysical quality that cannot be quantified. It is important to note its uniqueness - for each person, the sphere of development of this ability will be individual.
Endurance
A simple and comprehensive definition is the ability to withstand during the performance of a muscle task natural physical fatigue.
There are two main criteria:
- The time during which a given muscular work is carried out.
- The constancy of the correct implementation of the given actions.
As a motor ability, endurance is divided into two types:
- The total. The ability to carry out long-term work of moderate intensity. It is believed that this endurance is most affected by the real environment.
- Special. This is already a form of endurance, correlating with the task that a person performs - speed, coordination, power. It depends on a complex of factors - the potential of the muscular-nervous apparatus, the rational technique of owning your own body, the speed of waste of muscle energy, etc.
General stamina serves as a prerequisite for special. However, various types of this ability are negligibly dependent on each other. So, a person with well-developed strength endurance does not always show excellent results in coordination endurance.
Flexibility
Flexibility refers to certain properties of the morphological apparatus, which determine the mobility of certain parts of the human body relative to each other, and are responsible for the ability to perform movements with large amplitudes.
Inside, ability is divided into two categories:
- Active. The ability to achieve large amplitudes of movements by reducing muscle groups passing through a particular joint.
- Passive. The largest range of movements, which is achieved through the application of external forces to the moving part of the body - a projectile, weights, the efforts of a sports partner, etc.
Flexibility can also be general (mobility of all joints of the body) and special (limiting mobility of specific joints that meet the requirements for a particular activity).
Here we have examined all types of motor abilities of a person. As you can see, they are not independent, but closely intertwined.