The well-known statement “Movement is life” is more relevant than ever in the primary preschool age. Therefore, the preparation of physical education classes for children of the younger group, taking into account the age characteristics and interests of the children, is a painstaking task and requires an extraordinary approach.
Motor characteristics of children of preschool age
Observation of children 3-4 years old allows you to notice that they are very mobile, they need to be in time everywhere, everything new is of interest and the desire to try it out for themselves. Physical education in the 2nd younger group is planned based on the motor characteristics of the children, namely: children cannot be stationary for a long time, but very quickly get tired of performing uniform movements. It should be noted that for a variety of movements, regimen moments are also used , as well as activities related to motor activity (musical, familiarization with the outside world, walking, etc.).
There is a group of movements that is undesirable for children of this age group. This is a long suspension on hands, jumping from a height, as well as repeated repetition of the same movements. It is important to switch children from one motor mode to another in time during the physical education classes in the younger group, in order to avoid overwork.
The main directions in the development of children of the 2nd younger group
Based on the characteristics of the development of babies, three main lines are distinguished:
- Formation of accessible forms of expression of independence in physical education classes in the 2nd younger group. The actions of an adult are aimed at encouraging children to perform movements independently (without the help of an educator).
- Physical education in the younger group of kindergarten is also aimed at the development of visual and effective thinking and the formation of elementary judgments about the world. This is due to the active stimulation of the vestibular apparatus located in the middle ear.
- Formation of a new type of activity in a physical education lesson in the second junior group: a joint game (not a single player and not a game “near”).
Preserving health in physical education classes
The fashionable expression “health-saving technologies” is also applicable to physical education in the 2nd younger group. It is expressed in the following moments:
- Preparedness of the premises (timely wet cleaning, ventilation) for the lesson, taking into account the availability of equipment (corresponding to sanitary standards).
- The constant use of hardening elements in classes and in everyday life of children (norms for lowering temperatures and hardening procedures are prescribed in the relevant documents).
- Compliance with the zone of psychological comfort of babies.
Organization of classes in the younger group of kindergarten
Physical education can have different forms depending on the goal: the plot physical education classes of the younger group, play, thematic and complex. If the duration of the lesson is determined by the age group of children (in this case, 15-20 minutes), then the structure is the form of the exercise chosen by the adult.
Of the above forms, a comprehensive lesson will be examined in detail.
Comprehensive Activities
In light of the physiological characteristics of children of primary preschool age and the requirements of teaching methods, the best option is a combination of methods and techniques for conducting classes of different orientations. Thus, training and education will be based on the principles of including the largest number of analyzers for the development and consolidation of material. Comprehensive classes in mathematics - physical education - music, speech development - physical education - mathematics, drawing - music - physical education, etc. bring maximum benefit to pupils. When organizing the group’s work on the grid of such classes, time is freed up by reducing the number of classes, and this allows the teacher and kindergarten specialists to conduct individual work with children more often. In addition, there is more time for independent games and the development of communication skills of preschoolers.
Conducting comprehensive classes
Usually the methodology for conducting classes is based on the fundamentals of TRIZ pedagogy. But designers from different specialists differ in virtue of a creative approach to the topic and the difference in goals and material security of classes. To illustrate the methods used, you can consider a comprehensive lesson based on physical education in the 2nd youngest group and the musical activity “Let's teach to speak the Umka bear cub”.
This lesson is considered as one of the examples, although the possibilities of a modular system are not limited (the plan of a physical education lesson in the younger group is given below).
First module
Organizational and stimulating part of the lesson. The goal of any introductory part of the lesson is to concentrate the attention of children, provide a positive emotional background for the lesson, designate the purpose of the lesson and repeat the elements learned. The exercises of the introductory part of the physical education classes and various assimilations to the music fit well.
Second module: tie
At this stage, the knowledge of children on the topics "Transport", "Kindergarten" is updated , and the long way of writing from the sender to the recipient is also considered. The teacher draws the attention of children to an envelope in which a letter from the mother-bear. She is worried that her little bear Umka still does not speak, and asks the guys to help her. At the end of the module, the teacher and the children decide on a further route: a trip to the North Pole.
Third module: a long way
During the trip, it is advisable to consolidate the skills of children in elementary musical rhythmic movements, as well as to consolidate the skills of various kinds of walking and running. Here, one can not do without the help and control of the music teacher and the head of physical education. To bring this complex to life, the assimilation method is suitable, with which children can try on different images and most effectively practice in a playful way. It is important to note that comparing actualizes primarily the existing knowledge and skills of children, which are supplemented by new characteristics each time the method is used (with the direct participation of adults in this process).
Fourth module: arrival
Upon arrival at the North Pole, children will get acquainted with the little bear Umka, which subsequently will need to be taught to speak. Acquaintance itself implies individual and group work on the development of vocal data of preschoolers and the correctness of speech (teaching - learning). Well-established methods of rhythmizing speech with the help of noise effects (pops, tides, clicks). In any case, the methods and techniques used must correspond to the actual development of children and their needs.
Fifth module: magic
Since the little bear is silent, the teacher suggests resorting to "magic." The process itself consists of general strengthening exercises, and the form of presentation completely depends on the imagination of the head of physical education. Feelings of magic and mystery can be achieved with the help of appropriate musical design. This atmosphere helps maintain children's attention and stimulate further action.
The most important characteristic of a comprehensive physical education class in the kindergarten of the second younger group is the variability of the construction of the components.
Sixth module: character training
It is advisable to further appeal to musical activity with the help of dances, round dances, joint music-making. A characteristic feature of this stage of the lesson is the following regularity: the more varied the methods of presenting the material and the methods of execution, the more interest they cause among children. Kids continue to learn how to speak a teddy bear, but already with the help of various types of musical activity: singing in a choir, solo, with movements (the most difficult option for children of the younger group), accompanied by rhythmic noise accompaniments, using dramas, etc.
Seventh module: obstacle course
This part of the lesson returns children to the sphere of influence of physical education. Kids go through an obstacle course. It is worth noting that the nature, duration, pace of passage depend on the physical condition of children and the imagination of the head of physical education. There is an opportunity for each child to do this type of physical exercise a convenient number of times and at a comfortable pace, which helps prevent overwork.
Eighth module: completing the journey
Naturally, the efforts of children should not be in vain, and Umka begins to speak (this is achieved with the help of a toy with a built-in voice recorder - “repeating toy”). This adds to the children confidence in their abilities and a desire to play with such a toy in the future and beat different situations. The main purpose of this stage of the lesson is to discharge and relieve tension. Well-suited relaxation exercises to the appropriate music, speech and music, stabilizing breathing.
Conducting comprehensive classes leaves the children with an emotional response, they later experience and are interested in the well-being of Umka and the opportunity to meet him again. However, the degree to which children perceive the material depends directly on their interest in the result of adults.