The business style, examples of which will be presented in this article, one way or another applies to each member of the society. He accompanies us in the inevitable daily communication with the state and public institutions. An ordinary person is often the addressee when using business style. Examples when the whole huge mass of business texts of a different nature are potentially directed specifically at him are numerous. Situations, when he himself has to compose such a text and send it to various authorities, arise much less frequently.
Types of Business Speech
Business speech can be directed to a person as a citizen of his country. It comes from the state and is prescriptive and official in nature. This is a speech of state and law. It can also be addressed to an individual as a private person, in which case her official character is waning. In the first case, it is represented by laws and regulations, decrees, orders, orders, rules, business style (examples can be continued). The second with the development of economic reforms takes on new forms and genres.
Creativity in business speech
The desire to have a direct impact on each person leads to the search and use of diverse, sometimes vivid and expressive ways of linguistic expression, intelligible and even intrusive. This requires the creator of such a text to be inventive and creative, close to the art of the poster, if it is written text, and stage art if it is a game advertising plot. This second type of business texts is now growing like an avalanche, and its methods are being formed in it, and talented finds are emerging. But one should not think that such a business style was not used at all before. Examples have been encountered in the past. You can recall at least V.V. Mayakovsky, who did not regret spending his talent on poems like "Nowhere except in Mosselprom" or "Who's where, and I'm in the savings bank."
Varying degrees of formality
One thing is clear: the higher the degree of official speech, the more reliance on book-written turns and cliches, the less insignificant, the closer the speech to ordinary, even conversational, the more likely it will appear not only a wide layer of general literary language means, but also specially found ways to impress the reader or viewer with unusualness and thereby attract his attention and influence him. Advertising is the most striking example of the fact that by no means the only kind of business speech is official business style.
Examples from advertising are so far from him that only their initial purpose remains in them. However, this is observed not only in business speech. You can see a complete analogy of the relations “scientific-business style - popular-scientific style” and “business speech - advertising speech”, in which the second term came close to artistic speech and left the original variety of the literary language. The first and second terms of these relations diverge diametrically. Accordingly, the first and second types of business speech, indicated here, diverge. The process of forming a literary language is alive. Regrouping is happening before our eyes. Developing a business, conversational style. That is, in business speech, as in newspaper and journalistic, the area of artistic and visual linguistic freedom is highlighted.
Official business style
The examples above show that business style is a broad concept. If we proceed from the obligation of linguistic homogeneity of a variety of literary language, it should be recognized that the actual business speech is only its official business type. A wide range of areas of public life covers the business style of communication.
Examples: legislative and executive, manufacturing and economic, administrative and economic areas, healthcare and trade, domestic and foreign policy. The texts corresponding to them are united by a common corpus of linguistic means, the differences are private in nature and concern mainly designations of realities specific to these areas, i.e., terminological vocabulary and a number of lexical cliches. Basically, the text of an official business style is built on uniform principles . Examples of use are found in officially documentary, policy, instructional, programmatic, reference and informational, departmental and other similar publications.
Monotony and minimization of language means
In business speech, there is utter minimization and, as a consequence, the uniformity of language means. The existence of a large number of small genres of business papers does not lead to their variation. Many genres are united in their directive orientation, which leads to the use of verbal instructions that could be offensive in personal communication, but thrive in business texts: “Forbidden,” “Carriage prohibited,” “Appearance is obligatory” (verbal noun “-ka” "enhances imperative).
Features of verbal and noun management
The desire for specialization and isolation of business speech leads to easier handling of the laws of verb management. Having arisen in use, a design with a violation of the general literary verb control, repeating itself as a template, becomes a formula. To a no lesser extent, this also affects name management. There are divorced from the general literary grammar system and not legalized even by the internal style standard of business speech, but spreading designs: "Instruction for use", "Instruction for shoe care (No. 10, 13)", "Tuesday and Thursday no reception (announcement)," " Assembly Instruction (No. 2), "Recall of the abstract", "Recall of the abstract" (normative is perceived as low here), "Telegrams of the category" urgent "are received out of turn (announcement)", "Noise level should not exceed sixty decibel "and others. In scientific speech, this is not accepted then.
Over-nominated
An overestimated degree of nominativeness of speech is created mainly in four ways: practically unlimited formation of verbal nouns with the suffix "-ka" and non-suffix; detailed nominations of a fully nominal nature, used as a term, as well as various kinds of production (administrative, economic, commercial, legal, etc.) terms; prepositional cases of various kinds; using few, but very frequent verbs, the purpose of which is not to participate in the formation of a sentence with its own lexical meaning, but only to provide it with the necessary predicativeness (they can be considered “empty” or “half-empty” verb markers). This ratio of nominative and verb is also observed in scientific speech, however, in business it is expressed more clearly and reaches the maximum possible limit of superiority and predominance of a name over a verb, the lexical meaning of which loses value and disappears. If it is needed in the course of the message, then instead of the verb comes the verb noun for "-an", "-en", "-e".
Artificial Verbal Nouns and Adjectives
Verbal nouns that saturate business speech are very often artificial in form, in word-formation model, and in meaning. There are no such words and such meanings in the explanatory dictionaries of the modern Russian literary language. Adjectives are also artificial. For example, the inscription on tobacco "Higher Fortress".