A refutation is a variant of reasoning aimed at challenging a thesis and proving its groundlessness. In order to achieve such a result, it is necessary to find true arguments.
Process features
What is a rebuttal? Nikolay Copernicus tried to explain the meaning of the word. He built a full-fledged system of evidence, with the help of which he was able to refute the geocentric system invented by Ptolemy. In biology, Darwin developed an evolutionary doctrine, thanks to which it was possible to refute the Linnean statement about the constancy of plant and animal species.
Types of Disclaimer
There are several different forms of this concept. For example, there are such types of refutation, which can sometimes have different meanings. This is a criticism of arguments, thesis, explanation of the relationship between them.
There are various refutation methods. In any case, they are comprehensive. For the court, only the evidence of the innocence of the suspected (accused) person is considered as an example.
The presumption of innocence is the recognition of the fact of legal reliability. Until clear evidence of guilt is found, a person cannot be charged with a crime.
Rebuttal
What are the disclaimer rules? It includes the thesis, argument, demonstration. Its purpose is always the opposite of the purpose of proof. If the truth of the thesis is justified in it, then its falsity must be confirmed. A rebuttal is a search for sound and true judgments that help to identify the logical connection between arguments and thesis, to establish the unprovenness and falsity of the selected thesis. To demonstrate, you need to establish a logical connection between the arguments and the thesis, to explain the unprovenness. If it is possible to identify the falsity of at least one logical sequence, it can be argued that the whole information is unreliable.
Disclaimer
As another method by which it is possible to establish the falsity of a certain thesis, is the confirmation of the truth of its denial. In establishing the correctness of the thesis, the question of its truthfulness disappears.
Any refutation is a necessary condition for the search for truth. For example, it is enough to find one white individual among the many brown bears to refute the assertion that all individuals are only brown. To deny the claim that all planets have satellites, we can cite the planet Venus, which does not have them, as an example.
Two such tricks can be used to refute any thesis, regardless of which arguments it is supported by. If we derive a false consequence from the thesis or find confirmation of the truth of the antithesis, we can find evidence of the falsehood of the thesis itself. In this case, regardless of what will be used as an argument, they will not become evidence for the thesis itself. It is possible to confirm only a true statement, for false hypotheses there is no evidence.
If you put forward a thesis with justifications, you can send a rebuttal operation against the justification. Any refutation is a serious operation, which is aimed at finding reliable arguments. The fallacy of the arguments is revealed, similarly to the theses, proceeding from the insolvency and inconsistency of the revealed facts.
A refutation may also be directed to the very relationship between the thesis and argument. In such situations, it is necessary to show that the thesis will not flow from the arguments given in its confirmation. In the absence of a logical connection between the thesis and the argument, there will be no discussion of the evidence of the thesis using the arguments used.
Example
Consider a specific example regarding the refutation of the thesis. Citizen Ivanov B. is suspected of committing a burglary. Taking this phrase as a thesis, we will try to verify its truth, to deduce the consequences that follow from it. As a first consequence, consider fingerprints that were left on objects and belong to Ivanov B.
The second consequence will be traces of shoes found on the floor at the scene. They were left with shoes that belonged to Ivanov B. Residents of the house (witnesses) described the appearance of an unfamiliar man, which fully corresponds to the appearance of citizen Ivanov B.
In the course of laboratory studies, it was not possible to find confirmation of the first two consequences. In addition, there was no absolute coincidence between the portrait of a man drawn up according to the witnesses' description and the real appearance of citizen Ivanov B. As a result, it was possible to confirm the falsity of the arguments, the unreliability of the thesis, its complete refutation, and the removal of charges from the suspect Ivanov B.
Conclusion
Refutation of the thesis can be used against arguments, the thesis itself, its demonstration. Currently, they use direct or indirect refutation of any thesis. In contrast to the indirect one, with a direct thesis it is justified without resorting to other statements. Such a technique allows us to establish the absurdity of the thesis by using indirect evidence. Often a rebuttal is built by seeking indirect evidence from the contrary. For example, Democritus refuted the thesis that "everything is true." With this approach, it is possible to establish the falsity of antithesis, selecting the evidence base. This technique is currently used by forensic investigators and investigators involved in the disclosure of complex crimes.
Depending on the complexity of the theses being analyzed, different approaches are used to refute or confirm them. Investigators use in their activities all the methods described above (each as necessary). Such tactics give a positive result. It allows you to prove the guilt of a real criminal, to refute the charges made against an innocent person.