Today, many residents of our country believe that getting to a good doctor is a great success, akin to winning the lottery. I must say that medicine in Russia At present, it is in decline, so many patients can only dream of attentive and highly qualified doctors. The division into rich and poor is becoming more and more apparent, not to mention other aspects of the life of an ordinary person. In this regard, paid clinics that offer the patient high-quality service in the form of long-term use and the appointment of a number of diagnostic measures are becoming increasingly popular.
The history of medicine in Russia has recorded a case when one famous 19th century therapist met a patient at the doorstep with the words: "Hello, patient with mitral heart disease." Of course, such doctors are a rarity.
The level of education of future doctors is also important. The introduction of the procedure for training general practitioners in just one year will not only significantly reduce the quality of medicine as a whole, but can also increase the mortality rate among the population. For example, in order to become a doctor, in the 18th century it was necessary to study from 7 to 11 years.
XVIII century. Origin
For the first time, the term “medicine” in our country was used under Peter I. The emperor himself attached great importance to medical practice, opening a hospital school in 1707, and in 1764, a medical faculty at Moscow University. Medicine in Russia of those times was transformed from folk to scientific. If earlier conditional training was limited only to surgery, then under Peter I the following sciences began to teach at the educational institution:
- pharmacology;
- neurology;
- Dentistry
- maxillofacial surgery;
- physiology and anatomy;
- forensic medicine.
Many experts went abroad and adopted the experience of foreign doctors. The emperor himself was quite closely involved in the study of medical affairs and successfully performed dental procedures and operations for both ordinary people and representatives of the nobility.
XVIII century. Development
The development of medicine in Russia was in full swing. At the end of the 18th century, several hospitals, hospitals and the first psychiatric clinic were opened. It was with the advent of the latter that the emergence of psychiatry as a science began. At the same time, an autopsy of the patient after his death became mandatory.
Despite the hectic activity, the demographic situation was disappointing in connection with the epidemics of smallpox and plague. Medical figures of that time, for example, S. G. Zybelin, associated a wide spread of diseases, as well as high child mortality with a lack of proper hygiene among the population.
In the 90s of the 18th century, Moscow University, which at that time became the largest center of education and science, was allowed to award degrees of a doctor of medical sciences. The first to receive this honorary title was F.I. Barsuk-Moiseev. Medicine in Russia began to replenish with qualified personnel.
18th Century Medicine Reform
In the 18th century, a fundamentally new approach was formed to the organization of medical care, teaching medical and pharmaceutical business. Pharmaceutical orders, the Chancellery of the main pharmacy, the Medical Chancellery were created, and reforms were carried out in the organization of the educational process and the formation of medical institutions. So, in 1753 P.Z. Kondoidi established a new education system, according to which students spent 7 years at the university and passed mandatory exams at the end.
XIX century. Start
Medicine in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century began to develop at a faster pace. In order to study medical business, special literature was required. Periodicals and the first manuals on anatomy began to be published, the authors of which were the medical luminaries of that time I.V.Buyalsky and E.O. Mukhin.
Thoroughly studied obstetrics and gynecology. The results of research and experiments were a breakthrough in the prevention and treatment of diseases of the female genital organs. Experiments were conducted regarding the activity of the central nervous system, which gave an explanation of all the processes occurring in the body.
Researchers in this field (I. E. Dyadkovsky, E. O. Mukhin, K. V. Lebedev and others) formulated and developed the position of reflex theory.
M. Ya. Mudrov founded the method of dialogue with the patient, which allowed even at the stage of questioning to identify the main signs of the disease and its etiology. Subsequently, this method was improved by G. A. Zakharyin.
XIX century. Development
The development of medicine in Russia was marked by the addition of a list of diagnostic measures. In particular, G.I. Sokolsky singled out the method of percussion in the study of chest diseases. In this regard, the scientist published the work "On medical research using hearing, especially through a stethoscope," which was published in 1835.
At the beginning of the 19th century, an institute of protection against plague, smallpox and other dangerous diseases was formed by vaccination. Many professors, creating a tool, considered it their duty to try it on themselves. In this regard, one of the Russian doctors M. Ya. Mudrov heroically died, the death of which was the greatest loss for Russia.
In 1835, the decree of the censorship committee determined the essence of teaching at medical universities, which came down to the divine nature of man. In fact, this meant that the history of medicine in Russia should have ended at this stage. However, doctors continued their research and achieved amazing results.
Results of the XIX century
In the 19th century, the foundations of all modern scientific principles in medicine were laid, including dermatology, histology, and even balneology. Thanks to the development of famous scientists of that time, anesthesia, resuscitation and physiotherapy methods began to be used. Also, sciences such as microbiology and virology were formed, which began to develop later.
The state of medicine in Russia in the 20th century
Since 1900, orthopedics, ophthalmology, oncology have been rapidly developing. The most significant figures of the medical community were headed by clinics, institutes and schools - G.I. Turner, R.R. Vreden, E.V. Adamyuk and others.
A significant step forward has been made in the field of obstetrics and gynecology, especially thanks to the work of V. F. Snegirev under the title "Uterine Bleeding." N.F. Filatov creates the first pediatric school, publishes clinical guidelines and works on childhood diseases and prevention.
Many other areas of medicine also did not stand still. In the 20th century, the most important discovery of the genetic code was made , which will allow scientists, with complete decoding, to study the human body with high accuracy.
System changes
Reform of medicine in Russia and other countries should be carried out constantly, because science does not stand still, as a result of which new drugs, research methods and treatments appear. In addition, it is necessary to carry out a set of measures aimed at providing the entire population with qualified medical care, which today, unfortunately, not all Russians can count on.
Since the beginning of the 21st century, medical reform in Russia has been discussed by leading experts. It is expected that from 2015, funding for health facilities will change. Payment to staff will be done per patient, not per bed. All clinics will have a single price list, many are planned to be transferred to a seven-day work week. Also, hospital accounts for charitable contributions, which currently have a zero balance, will be involved. It is assumed that the introduction of new financing standards will help the population receive high-level services throughout the Russian Federation.
Opinions
However, modern medicine in Russia cannot provide a high quality of service, therefore, many experts believe that changes need to start with education. Doctors also see the reform as a rollback to the old service system, which involved dividing into hospitals for the rich and the poor.
The problems of medicine in Russia are not only in insufficient funding health care institutions, but also in the complete indifference of some doctors to patients. Judging by the history of the development of medical business, many doctors have put their lives to the study and development of the latest methods of researching the body and its disposal of various diseases. Unfortunately, in modern medicine there is a tendency to monetize life.