The thyroid gland produces hormones that affect the growth, reproduction, differentiation of tissues, as well as metabolism. It exists in vertebrates, including humans.
Classification of thyroid diseases.
- Congenital malformations (ectopia, hypoplasia, aplasia).
- Endemic goiter.
By function: hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid.
In shape: diffuse, mixed, nodal.
3. Sporadic goiter.
By function: hyperthyroid, euthyroid, hypothyroid.
In shape: diffuse, mixed, nodal.
4. Goiter diffuse toxic.
Depending on the severity of thyrotoxicosis: mild, moderate, severe.
5. Hypothyroidism.
Depending on the severity: severe (myxedema), medium, light.
6. Inflammatory diseases:
- chronic lymphomatous thyroiditis (autoimmune, Hashimoto);
- subacute thyroiditis;
- acute thyroiditis ;
- fibrous thyroiditis (Riedel);
- rare pathologies of a specific nature (syphilis, tuberculosis).
7. Damage:
- closed;
- open.
8. Malignant neoplasms.
Pancreas. Histology.
This organ of the digestive system has endocrine and exocrine functions. The pancreas is histologically an alveolar-tubular complex gland. Cellular tubular formations (islets of Langerhans) are located between the alveoli. They are an organ of internal secretion that secretes the hormone insulin.
The secretory function of the pancreas is influenced by the hormones of the parathyroid and thyroid glands, as well as the adrenal glands.
The organ is involved in the production of certain polypeptide hormones that enter the bloodstream. This process is carried out by cells in pancreatic islets.
The exocrine function in the pancreas is secretion of juice in the duodenum. It contains a complex of enzymes involved in the hydrolysis of all major food polymers. The main ones are a-amylase, lipase, chymotrypsin and trypsin.
Functional disorders in the pancreas are largely determined by the influence of the central nervous system. Various stressful situations, in particular, regularly recurring, are often accompanied by increased juice removal, and prolonged states of depression - by its inhibition.
Dystrophic processes are noted in metabolic disorders. The most characteristic is a lesion in the pancreas against the background of hemochromatosis.
Chronic circulatory disorders combine pathological changes in arterial and venous blood flow.
The most common pancreatic disease of an inflammatory nature is pancreatitis. Most often, chronic and acute forms of the disease occur.
Lesions in the pancreas can be caused by diffuse diseases of the connective tissue.
Periarteritis nodosa provokes disorders in the vessels of the organ. The clinical picture is similar to the manifestations of chronic or acute pancreatitis.
Organ tuberculosis is extremely rare. This pancreatic disease can develop as a result of the penetration of mycobacteria by a lymphogenous, contact (from nearby organs) or hematogenous route.
The defeat of syphilis can be both acquired and congenital in nature. In the first case, pancreatic disease is rare and proceeds in accordance with morphological features in three forms. They include edematous-infiltrative (with secondary syphilis), gummous and specific form of sclerotic pancreatitis.
A cyst is rarely detected. This disease of the pancreas affects the organ parenchyma or its surrounding tissues.