In the article, we consider various forms of release of Ampicillin. It is a drug from the antibiotic category. This is not the newest medicine, but it is still widely applicable in medical practice. It is worth noting that this penicillin has a large range of activity. It acts bactericidal and can stop growth along with the multiplication of pathogens.
Forms of release of Ampicillin
So, this medication acts as a semi-synthetic penicillin. It is produced in the form of a dry form for dilution with water, as well as for internal use. What are the other forms of Ampicillin release? Capsules can be found on sale along with lyophilisate for injection.
The tool affects the state of the bacterial cell membrane, destroying many varieties of pathogenic microscopic organisms: streptococci, staphylococci, clostridia, enterococci, listeria, influenza hemophilus, neisseria, proteus, salmonella, shigella, eicherichia.
Composition
According to the instructions for use with Ampicillin for adults and children, the active substance in this case is the component of the same name called ampicillin. Auxiliary ingredients are potato starch along with magnesium stearate, talc, polyvinylpyrrolidone.
Pharmacological characteristics
The drug "Ampicillin" belongs to the class of semi-artificial antibiotics. It has a wide scope. The drug belongs to the group of penicillins, is capable of exerting an antimicrobial effect by inhibiting the synthesis of cell walls of microorganisms. It is highly effective against aerobic pathogens - staphylococci (excluding the strain that forms penicillinase), streptococci, listeria, shigella and salmonella. The substance ampicillin is destroyed by penicillinase and is resistant to acidic conditions.
Pharmacodynamics of the drug
With internal use, the product can be perfectly absorbed from the digestive system, it does not break down in an acidic environment. After intravenous or intramuscular administration is observed in the blood plasma in high concentration. The drug can enter the tissues and fluids of the human body, it is observed in an adequate volume in the peritoneal, vaginal and synovial substance.
The product is able to pass through the placenta into the amniotic fluid during gestation. It penetrates poorly through the BBB, but with the inflammatory process of the meninges, the permeability of the blood-brain barriers increases sharply. About thirty percent of the drug remains as metabolites in the liver. It is excreted mainly through the kidneys, together with urine, and in urine a sufficiently large concentration of unchanged drug is observed. Part of the drug leaves the body with bile.
Indications
The pharmaceutical drug in question is used in the presence of infections that are caused by microscopic organisms sensitive to it. Thus, Ampicillin is used in a number of the following cases:
- Against the background of infections of the respiratory canals and otolaryngological organs (with bronchitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, otitis media, pharyngitis, tonsillitis).
- In case of gastroenteritis caused by salmonella, shigella, as well as in the presence of paratyphoid fever, typhoid fever.
- With the appearance of diseases of the bile ducts (we are talking about cholecystitis, cholangitis).
- Against the background of bacterial endocarditis.
- With the development of meningitis.
- In case of infections of the genitourinary system (in the presence of pyelonephritis, urethritis, cystitis).
- Against the background of peritonitis and diseases of soft tissue and skin.
- With the development of septicemia.
Contraindications
Ampicillin should not be used if patients have hypersensitivity to it and other lactam antibiotics (that is, cephalosporins, penicillins, carbapenems).
It is not used for severe impairment of kidney and liver functions, as well as for infectious mononucleosis, HIV, leukemia, and also for diseases of the digestive system, the occurrence of which is associated with the use of antibiotics.
During pregnancy
When carrying the fetus, the drug can be prescribed only if the expected benefit outweighs the potential risk to the unborn child. Ampicillin may pass into maternal milk. Therefore, when using it, it is necessary to stop breastfeeding. Consider the dosage forms of the release of Ampicillin.
Dosage and administration: tablets, powder, injections
The amount of this drug and the duration of its use is determined by the attending doctor for each patient strictly individually (which depends on the location of infections, the severity of the disease, and the like).
"Ampicillin" in tablets is prescribed to adults and children, as a rule, inside thirty minutes before or two hours after a meal. The duration of pill therapy can be from five days to four weeks or more. After the symptoms of the disease disappear, the medicine should be taken for at least three more days.
The standard single dose for children over fourteen years of age, as well as for adults, is considered to be from 250 to 1000 milligrams of the drug, with a frequency of admission - every six hours. The regimen is set by the doctor. In the presence of urinary tract infections, the drug is usually used at 500 milligrams every eight hours. In case of diseases of the otolaryngological organs and respiratory canals, 250 ml is used every six hours.
Before starting therapy with the prescription of this drug in the form of Ampicillin powder, each patient must undergo a skin test to identify hypersensitivity to the antibiotic in question. The solution for the preparation of injections should be done immediately before use. The finished medicine must be used immediately after it is prepared. This drug is administered intramuscularly or intravenously (drip or stream).
The recommended dosage for adult patients, as a rule, is from 250 to 500 milligrams, four times a day. The daily rate reaches 3 grams. In severe infections, the dose may be increased to 10 grams or more. For newborns, the drug is usually used in a daily volume of 20 to 40 ml per kilogram of body weight. As for children of other age groups, they are assigned from 50 to 100. The daily dosage should be administered four times with an interval of six hours. The instruction for Ampicillin injections confirms this.
Overdose
When this medication is abused, patients may experience such undesirable manifestations as, for example, headache along with nausea, dizziness, vomiting, loose stools, skin rashes. If symptoms of an overdose occur, you must immediately discontinue the drug and conduct symptomatic therapy for the patient.
Side effects
Against the background of the use of the described medicine, a person may experience such side effects: nausea, allergic reactions (rash, redness of the skin in the form of hyperemia), itching, urticaria. Abdominal pain in combination with diarrhea, dry mouth, vomiting, stomatitis, headache, enterocolitis, tremor, reversible blood formation disorders (thrombocytopenia, leukopenia, hemolytic anemia) are not excluded. In addition, convulsions with candidiasis and dizziness are possible. Also, in the injection area, local adverse reactions in the form of edema, hyperemia, and itching are possible.
Storage conditions
Store the drug at a temperature below twenty degrees in places that are not accessible to the child.
In pharmacology, there is another tool that has a liquid form of release - Ampicillin Sulbactam. It is described below.
Ampicillin sulbactam
It is an antibacterial agent that is intended for systemic use. Indications for the use of the drug "Ampicillin" are the following pathologies and conditions:
- Therapy of respiratory canal infections, including it, is prescribed for sinusitis, otitis media, epiglottitis and bacterial pneumonia.
- In case of urinary tract diseases and pyelonephritis.
- Against the background of intra-abdominal infections, including peritonitis, cholecystitis, endometritis and inflammation of the pelvic organs.
- The development of bacterial septicemia.
- With infections of the skin and soft tissue, as well as in the case of pathologies of bones and joints.
- With gonococcal infections.
Based on the instructions, "Ampicillin sulbactam" can be prescribed to patients and within the preoperative period. It is prescribed to reduce the incidence of infections after surgery among patients who underwent surgery on the pelvic and abdominal cavity, where there is a chance of infection. Against the background of a caesarean section or termination of pregnancy, this medication is prescribed for prevention to prevent cases of postoperative sepsis.
As part of the use, the medicine must be injected deep into the muscle. If the injections are painful, then for the preparation of the drug it is worth using a 0.5% sterile solution with lidocaine hydrochloride or any other local compatible anesthetic. The maximum total concentration of Ampicillin Sulbactam is 250 milligrams.
Before starting treatment using this pharmaceutical agent, it is necessary to determine the presence of hypersensitivity to him and lidocaine in the patient by performing a skin test.
For children
According to the instructions, Ampicillin can be prescribed to children from the first month of life in the form of a parenteral solution. From a year you can prescribe a suspension obtained from the powder. The dosage of the drug varies depending on body weight and is 50-100 mg / kg, with a weight of less than 20 kg - 12.5-25 mg / kg. The daily dose of injections for newborns is 100 mg / kg, for children older than a month - 50 mg / kg.
Ampicillin trihydrate - what is this remedy?
According to the instructions, “Ampicillin trihydrate” acts as an antibiotic in the category of semi-synthetic penicillins. It has bactericidal antibacterial effects. It differs from the standard “Ampicillin” by the presence of three elements of crystallization water in the formula at once. The product is made in the form of a crystalline white powder. It is soluble in water. But this drug is almost insoluble in alcohol. It is produced in the form of tablets. One pill contains 250 milligrams of the active ingredient.
"Ampicillin trihydrate" is used orally, regardless of the intake of products. A single dosage for adults, as a rule, is 0.5, and the daily dosage is from 2 to 3 grams. For children who are older than one month, the drug is prescribed in a daily volume equal to 100 milligrams per kilogram of weight. The daily norm is divided into four or six doses. The duration of therapy is set individually depending on the form of the pathology and its severity (from five to ten days to two to three weeks or more). Ampicillin trihydrate is advisable to take in a number of the following cases:
- Against the background of inflammatory pathologies of the respiratory canals with pneumonia (pneumonia), bronchitis, pharyngitis.
- In the case of urological diseases, when patients develop pyelonephritis (i.e. tissue inflammation of the kidneys and pelvis).
- A medication is also used for cystitis (in case of inflammation of the bladder), prostatitis, intestinal infections.
Contraindications are hypersensitivity (to penicillins, carbapenems and cephalosporins). You should not use a medication for infectious mononucleosis, lymphocytic leukemia, liver failure and diseases of the digestive system in the anamnesis (especially for colitis associated with the use of antibiotics). The drug is prohibited during lactation and in childhood up to one month. With caution, it is used in case of bronchial asthma, hay fever. The ban is imposed against a background of allergic diseases, kidney failure, a history of bleeding and pregnancy.
Reviews about Ampicillin
According to reviews, this drug is highly effective. However, when using this pharmaceutical product, patients often experience allergic reactions, which are usually expressed in the appearance of itching and peeling, as well as in the form of urticaria, rhinitis, conjunctivitis and angioedema. Quite rarely, according to reviews of Ampicillin, a fever is recorded in patients along with arthralgia, eosinophilia, an erythematous and maculopapular rash, exfoliative dermatitis and erythema multiforme. In addition, reactions are possible, manifested in the form of serum sickness, and in isolated cases there is a danger of anaphylactic shock.
It is important to follow the instructions for the medicine and not to self-medicate. We examined the release forms of Ampicillin. Which one is best used should be prescribed by the attending doctor.