Let's talk about how the regulation of the heart is carried out . It is this organ that is indispensable and important for the human body. It is during his full-fledged work that a constant and full-fledged activity of all organs, systems, and cells is ensured. The heart provides them with nutrients and oxygen, guarantees the purification of the body from substances formed as a result of metabolism.
In some situations, the regulation of the heart is disturbed. Consider issues related to the implementation of the activities of the main organ of the human body.
Features of functioning
How is the regulation of the heart and blood vessels? This organ is a complex pump. It consists of four different departments, called cameras. Two are called the left and right atria, and two are called the ventricles. On top are quite thin-walled atria, the bulk of the heart is distributed on the muscle ventricles.
Regulation of the heart is associated with pumping blood with rhythmic contractions and muscle relaxation of this organ. The contraction time is called systole, the gap corresponding to relaxation is called diastole.
Circulation
First, the atria are reduced in systole, then the atria function. Venous blood is collected throughout the body and enters the right atrium. Here the fluid is pushed out, passes into the right ventricle. The site will pump blood, directing it into the pulmonary circulation. This is what the vascular network that pierces the lungs is called. At this stage, gas exchange occurs. Oxygen enters the blood, saturates it, carbon dioxide is released from the blood. Blood enriched with oxygen goes to the left atrium, then it enters the left ventricle. This part of the heart is the strongest and largest. Her responsibilities include pushing blood through the aorta into a large circle of blood circulation. It enters the body, removing carbon dioxide from it.
Features of the functioning of blood vessels and heart
Regulation of the heart and blood vessels is associated with the electrical system. It is she who provides the rhythmic heartbeat, its periodic reduction, relaxation. The surface of this organ is covered with numerous fibers that can generate, transmit various electrical impulses.
Signals originate inside the sinus node, called the "pacemaker." This site is located on the surface of the right primary atrium. Developed in it, the signal passes through the atria, causing contractions. Then the impulse is divided into ventricles, creating a rhythmic contraction of muscle fibers.
Fluctuations in heart muscle contractions in an adult range from sixty to eighty contractions per minute. They are called the cardiac impulse. To fix the activity of the electrical system of the heart, electrocardiograms are periodically performed. With the help of such studies, you can see the formation of an impulse, as well as its movement through the heart, to identify violations in such processes.
Neuro-humoral regulation of the heart is associated with external and internal factors. For example, heart palpitations are observed with severe emotional stress. In the process, the hormone adrenaline is regulated. It is he who is able to increase the heart rate. Humoral regulation of the heart allows you to identify various problems with a normal heartbeat, and eliminate them in a timely manner.
Disturbances in work
Medical professionals under such failures mean a variety of violations of a complete reduction in heart rhythm. Similar problems can be caused by a variety of factors. For example, the regulation of the heart occurs with electrolytic and endocrine ailments, autonomic diseases. In addition, problems appear with intoxication with certain medications.
Common types of violations
Nervous regulation of the heart is associated with muscle contractions. Sinus tachycardia causes an increase in heart contractions. In addition, situations are possible in which the number of contractions of the heart decreases. Such a disease in medicine is called sinus bradycardia. Among the dangerous disorders associated with the activity of the heart, we note paraxysamal tachycardia. If present, there is a sudden increase in the number of heartbeats to one hundred per minute. The patient must be placed in a horizontal position, urgently call a doctor.
Regulation of the heart is associated with atrial fibrillation, extrasystole. Any abnormalities in the normal heart rhythm should be a signal for contacting a cardiologist.
Functioning automation
At rest, the heart muscle contracts about one hundred thousand times in one day. It during this time period pumps about ten tons of blood. The contractile function of the heart is provided by the heart muscle. It refers to the striated muscle, that is, it has a specific structure. It contains certain cells in which excitation appears, it is transmitted to the walls of the muscles of the ventricles and atria. Contraction of the heart occurs in stages. First, atria are reduced, then ventricles.
Automation is the ability of the heart to contract rhythmically under the influence of impulses. It is this function that guarantees independence between the nervous system and the functioning of the heart.
Work Cycle
Knowing that the average number of cuts per minute is 75 times, you can calculate the duration of one cut. On average, it lasts about 0.8 seconds. A full cycle consists of three phases:
- within 0.1 second, both atria are contracted;
- 0.3 seconds lasts a contraction of the left and right ventricles;
- about 0.4 seconds is a general relaxation.
Ventricular relaxation occurs in about 0.4 seconds, for the atria, this time period is 0.7 seconds. This time is enough to fully restore muscle performance.
Factors Affecting Heart Function
The strength and heart rate are related to the external and internal environment of the human body. With a sharp increase in the number of contractions, the vascular system produces a huge amount of blood per unit time. With a decrease in the strength and heart rate, blood flow decreases. In both cases, there is a change in the blood supply to the human body, which negatively affects its condition.
Regulation of the heart is carried out reflexively, an autonomic nervous system is involved in it. Impulses that come to the heart through parasympathetic nerve cells will slow down, weaken contractions. Strengthening and increasing heart rate is provided by sympathetic nerves.
The humoral work of the “human motor” is associated with the functioning of biologically active substances and enzymes. For example, adrenaline (adrenal hormone), calcium compounds contribute to the increase and strengthening of heart contractions.
Potassium salts, in contrast, help to reduce the number of contractions. To adapt the cardiovascular system to external conditions, humoral factors and the functioning of the nervous system are used.
During physical work, impulses from tendon and muscle receptors are received in the central nervous system that regulates the work of the heart. As a result, there is an increase in the influx of pulses to the heart along the sympathetic nerves, adrenaline is released into the blood. Due to the increase in the number of heart contractions, the body needs additional nutrients and oxygen.