The start of construction is necessarily based on earthwork, so a technological map for the development of the pit is created at the design stage of the facility. It contains a description of all the necessary activities. Therefore, the excavation development scheme should include the whole sequence of actions - from preparing the site, stripping it from plants and old buildings, removing the fertile layer, digging a given amount of soil to producing pits, digging trenches, leveling slopes and foundations, allocating space for storing land before its removal from the territory, etc.
Classification of pits according to purpose
The technologies used to develop the pit are divided according to two directions. One focuses on preparing the land for the construction of recesses and permanent channels. Their class includes objects of irrigation and drainage, park and city fountains, ponds, reservoirs of artificial origin, paths and embankments.
Temporary excavation of the pit is necessary for the construction of buildings and foundations for them. Their classification by purpose is intended to distinguish between the types of work in which it is necessary to use various mechanisms and special equipment. At the same time, the costs of manual labor are also taken into account. The largest volume of non-mechanized work falls on the areas of the location of underground utilities. Excavators and graders must not be used in them. Any technical means may damage the laid cable or piping.
Also, based on the classification of the pits, a set of measures is taken to ensure safety in the territories where the development of the pit is carried out. They may consist in the installation of fences, identification and warning signs or the organization of security of the object.
The main types of work and their share in the total project cost
By terms, the development of a pit can take from 5 to 15% of the total time necessary for the construction of an object. At a cost, this is also not an expensive thing. In the budget documentation usually for earthworks provide for costs in the amount reaching up to one fifth of the budget of the entire project. This is taking into account all measures for the vertical layout of the construction site, to carry out work to protect the pit from flooding by subsoil or sedimentary waters, and to waterproof it.
These include:
- Geodetic research.
- Stripping the site.
- Planning the site and marking the boundaries of the object.
- Digging, digging trenches.
- Work to strengthen the slopes.
- Transportation, laying for temporary storage and disposal of excavated soil.
- Engineering communications device.
- Dumping and ramming bevels at the outer edge of the foundation.
- Groundwater abstraction activities.
The importance of performing hydraulic techniques
Ground and rainwater can cause huge damage to construction. Therefore, the development of the pit cannot be carried out without taking into account the principles of hydraulic engineering. One of the primary tasks of the engineer is to provide the site with protective measures. To do this, dig water channels, arrange pits for water drainage, use other types of receivers for liquids, from which they can be pumped out by drainage pumps.