Before the construction of the structure or its reconstruction, pre-design work is carried out : examination of the site or building, assessment of their condition. This allows you to determine the feasibility of the project. During the analysis, various factors are taken into account: the type of terrain, the technical condition of the structures, soil features, the presence of communications, etc.
The task of specialists who are entrusted with carrying out a pre-design survey includes performing measurements with high-precision equipment, studying all available documentation. The results obtained are verified with the parameters established by SNiP. The report on the pre-design survey provides the conclusions of specialists, on the basis of which a conclusion is formed.
Preparation
Before starting a pre-project survey of an object, it is necessary:
- Fix the wishes of the customer. They must be taken into account when performing work.
- Collect the necessary technical documentation. It includes terrain plans, communications drawings (if any), a scheme of the surrounding buildings.
- Create a primary idea of the object. For this, the performers travel to the place and evaluate its external condition.
- Agree with the customer the cost and timing of the work.
When all preparatory questions have been settled, a pre-project examination begins directly. It includes:
- Step-by-step study of the object.
- Calculations and comparison of the obtained indicators with the normative.
- Registration of the act of pre-project examination .
It should be said that the use of high-precision equipment allows all measurements to be made with a non-destructive method. This means that the integrity of the structures will not be violated.
Procedure value
Of course, the developer has the right to refuse the pre-project survey. There are quite a few examples of such cases. However, it is advisable if the customer is 100% sure of the success of the construction or reconstruction.
Meanwhile, even an insignificant factor that was not taken into account at the preparatory stage can lead to serious problems. As practice shows, often construction or reconstruction is frozen for a long time. Designing a project and its implementation without a pre-design survey can be compared to playing roulette. Not only financial resources can be at stake, but also the reputation of the developer.
Quite often, projects simply freeze. For example, the customer refused a pre-design survey , purchased materials for reconstruction. However, before starting work, a defect in the supporting structures was discovered. Accordingly, the purchased material is unsuitable for its strength indicators for installation. A huge amount flew into the pipe, and the work was permanently frozen.
Key Tasks
A pre-design survey is performed for:
- Assessment of the real technical condition of the facility before modernization, reconstruction, etc.
- Determining the level of wear of structures. The validity and, in some cases, the legality of the subsequent operation of the structure depends on it.
- Determining the suitability of a land plot for the construction of a building on it.
- Recovering lost drawings and plans of an object, other technical documentation.
- Making adjustments to the project taking into account the identified circumstances.
- Estimates of the upcoming costs of reconstruction, restoration, construction of the facility. This is necessary to draw up a business case for capital investments. As a rule, it is required if financing is provided from budget money.
results
After performing a comprehensive study, a voluminous conclusion is drawn up. Depending on the specifics of the object, its composition includes:
- Description of design features, plans and drawings.
- The results of the inspection of the site under construction, assessment of the condition of the foundation and soil.
- Photos of structural defects found during the examination.
- The results of the inspection of the structure indicating the main parameters.
- Graphic images of identified defects with the dynamics of their alleged development. For example, if a crack is found in the foundation, you can see how it will affect the condition of the structure in a few years.
- The results of laboratory analysis of samples of materials of load-bearing structures.
- Calculations for individual elements of the structure.
The list can be supplemented at the request of the customer. For example, a conclusion can be attached to a photo of a general view of the structure, some interior spaces, information about the previous owners of the object, etc.
Nuance
It should be noted that the pre-project examination is performed, as a rule, by design organizations with the appropriate permission.
If the interested person orders only an examination, then you will have to pay for it. If the customer is committed to long-term cooperation with the company, i.e., it is assumed that its employees will draw up a project, a conclusion on the results of the inspection is provided free of charge.
Validity and effectiveness of the procedure
As a rule, a customer’s refusal from a pre-project inspection is caused by a reluctance to incur additional costs, especially since construction or reconstruction alone requires considerable investment. It is quite difficult to convince developers of the need to evaluate the property. Nevertheless, by agreeing to conduct a survey, the customer can significantly save:
- The time to complete the main work.
- Resources. It is not only about equipment, but also about labor.
In addition, the developer does not need to use expensive technical means.
Timely detection of defects helps to minimize all risks associated with them. However, if the condition of the facility is satisfactory, you can not use expensive equipment for reconstruction and repair. Accordingly, knowing the weaknesses of the facility, the customer can correctly distribute tasks between workers.
Pre-project inspection of the enterprise during process automation
For the effective implementation of the automation project, it is necessary to carefully analyze the features of the facility, to clarify the requirements of the customer. During the pre-project inspection, according to GOST 34.601-90, a set of conditions is determined in which the system will operate:
- Software, hardware resources.
- External conditions.
- The scope of work and the number of people involved in management.
In addition, a description of the functions of the system is carried out, restrictions are determined during the development (deadlines for individual stages, organizational measures and procedures aimed at ensuring information protection, etc.).
Purpose of analysis
At the survey stage, general and vague knowledge of the requirements for the system is converted to accurate. In particular, the following are determined:
- Functions, system architecture, external conditions for the distribution of tasks between software and hardware.
- Interfaces
- Requirements for information and software elements, a database, necessary resources, physical parameters of components.
- The distribution of tasks between the system and the person.
Structural analysis
The choice of research method has a significant impact on the quality of design.
When using the structural method, the examination begins with a general overview of the system with subsequent detailing. As a result, the speaker acquires a hierarchical structure, the number of levels in which is constantly increasing.
This method involves dividing the system into steps with the release of a limited number of elements on each of them. As a rule, there are 3-7 such components. At each level, only those details that are essential to the system are identified. Information is considered in conjunction with the operations in which it is involved. Recording of elements is carried out according to strict formal rules, a system specification is compiled. This allows you to get closer to the final result.
Principles
The analysis methodology is based on several points. Some of them regulate the organization of events at the initial stages of the life cycle of the system, while others are used in the development of recommendations. The basic principles are decomposition and hierarchical ordering.
The first involves solving complex issues of structuring the totality of functional tasks. The problems that have arisen are divided into many smaller ones, both easy to understand and, in fact, to solve.
According to the second principle, for a detailed formalized description of these parts, their internal structure is decisive. Simplicity of perception of a problem increases when structuring its elements in a hierarchy. Simply put, the system is built and understood by levels, at each of which new details are added.
Automated Design Systems
In the field of automation of project activities for several years formed the direction of CASE. The intensive expansion of the scope of PC applications, the constant complication of information databases, the tightening of requirements for them led to the need for industrialization of technology.
One of the most important areas in the development of science and technology has been the development of integrated tools based on concepts of systems management and their life cycle.
There is currently no exact definition of CASE. The content of the concept, as a rule, is determined by the list of problems solved with its help, by the totality of means and methods.
CASE technology - a set of methods for research, design, development, maintenance of an automated system. It provides a certain toolkit intended for system analysts, programmers, developers. With its help, the design process is automated. In addition, the technology allows for pre-project inspection, structural analysis, and specification of projects using programming tools. CASE is used in modeling business applications to solve problems related to strategic and operational planning, resource management, development control.
Most of the tools included in the technology are based on a scientific approach. Within the framework of the methodology, guidelines are formulated for analysis and selection of the system design, stages of work, sequence, rules of use and purpose of methods.