Probably everyone wants to give their child a quality education. But how to determine the level of training, if you have no relation to pedagogy? Of course, with the help of GEF.
What is GEF
For each education system and educational institution, a list of mandatory requirements has been approved, aimed at determining each level of training for a profession, specialty. These requirements are combined under the federal state educational standard (GEF), which is approved by authorities authorized to regulate educational policies.
Implementation and results of mastering programs in state educational institutions cannot be lower than those specified in the Federal State Educational Standard.
In addition, Russian education suggests that without mastering the standards it will not be possible to obtain a state document. GEF is a certain basis, thanks to which a student has the opportunity to move from one level of education to another, as if by stairs.
Goals
Federal state educational standards are designed to ensure the integrity of the educational space of Russia; continuity of the main programs of preschool, primary, secondary, vocational and higher education.
In addition, GEF is responsible for aspects of spiritual and moral development and education.
The requirements of the educational standard include the strict deadlines for obtaining general education and professional education, taking into account all possible forms of training and educational technologies.
The basis for the development of indicative educational programs; programs of educational subjects, courses, literature, control materials; standards of financial supply of educational activities of specialized institutions implementing the educational program is GEF.
What is the standard for public education? First of all, these are the principles of organizing the educational process in institutions (kindergartens, schools, colleges, universities, etc.). Without FSES, it is impossible to monitor compliance with the legislation of the Russian Federation in the educational field, as well as conduct final and intermediate certification of students.
It is worth noting that one of the goals of the GEF is the internal monitoring of the quality of education. With the help of standards, the organization of the activities of methodological specialists, as well as the certification of teachers and other staff of educational institutions.
Training, retraining and advanced training of education workers are also in the sphere of influence of state standards.
Structure and implementation
Federal law ruled that each standard must include three types of requirements.
Firstly, the requirements for the structure of educational programs (the ratio of the parts of the main program and their volume, the ratio of the compulsory part and the share that is formed by the participants in the educational process).
Secondly, the conditions of implementation are also subject to stringent requirements (including personnel, financial, technical).
Thirdly, the result. The entire educational program should form in students specific (including professional) competencies. The lesson on GEF is designed to train to apply all the acquired skills and knowledge, and act successfully on their basis.
Of course, this standard is not a constitution of all educational institutions. This is only the beginning of the vertical, with the main recommendation positions. At the federal level, an approximate educational program based on local specifics is being developed on the basis of the Federal State Educational Standard. And then educational institutions bring this program to perfection (even interested parents can participate in the last process, which is regulated by law). Thus, Russian education from a methodological point of view can be represented in the form of a scheme:
The standard is an exemplary program at the federal level - the program of an educational institution.
The last paragraph includes aspects such as:
- academic plan;
- calendar schedule;
- work programs;
- assessment materials;
- guidelines for subjects.
Generations and differences of GEF
What was the state standard, they knew back in Soviet times, since strict regulations existed even then. But this specific document appeared and entered into force only in the 2000s.
GEF was previously called simply an educational standard. The so-called first generation took effect in 2004. The second generation was developed in 2009 (for primary education), in 2010 (for basic general), in 2012 (for secondary full).
For higher education, GOSTs were developed in 2000. The second generation, which entered into force in 2005, was focused on students receiving ZUMs. Since 2009, new standards have been developed aimed at developing cultural and professional competencies.
Until 2000, for each specialty, the minimum knowledge and skills that a person who graduated from a university should have had been determined. Later, these requirements were tightened.
The modernization of public education is still ongoing. In 2013, the Law on Education was issued, according to which new programs for higher professional and preschool education are being developed. Among other things, the item on the preparation of the scientific and pedagogical staff was firmly included there.
What is the difference between old standards and GEF? What are the new generation standards?
The main distinguishing feature is that in modern education, the development of the personality of pupils (students) is at the forefront. Generalizing concepts (Skills, skills, knowledge) disappeared from the text of the document, more precise requirements came in their place, for example, the real types of activities that every student should master were formulated. Great attention is paid to objective, interdisciplinary and personal results.
To achieve these goals, the previously existing forms and types of training were revised, the innovative educational space of the lesson (lesson, course) was brought into action.
Thanks to the changes introduced, the student of the new generation is a free-thinking person, able to set goals, solve important problems, creatively developed and able to relate adequately to reality.
Who is developing standards
Standards are replaced with new ones at least once every ten years.
GEF of general education is developed by educational level, GEF of vocational education can also be developed in specialties, professions and areas of training.
The development of GEF is carried out taking into account:
- acute and promising needs of the individual;
- development of the state and society;
- education;
- culture;
- Sciences;
- technicians;
- economics and social sphere.
Educational-methodical association of universities is developing FSES for higher education. Their project is sent to the Ministry of Education, where a discussion takes place, amendments and corrections are made, and then given for an independent examination for a period of not more than two weeks.
The expert opinion is returned to the Ministry. And again, a wave of discussions is launched by the GEF Council, which decides whether to approve the project, send it for revision or reject it.
If a document needs to be amended, it goes the same way from the very beginning.
Elementary education
GEF is a set of requirements necessary for the implementation of primary education. The three main ones are the results, structure and conditions of implementation. All of them are determined by age and individual characteristics, and are considered from the point of view of laying the foundation for all education.
The first part of the standard indicates the period of development of the basic initial program. He is four years old.
With its help are provided:
- equal educational opportunities for all;
- spiritual and moral education of schoolchildren;
- continuity of all programs of preschool and school education;
- preservation, development and mastery of the culture of a multinational country;
- democratization of education;
- formation of criteria for evaluating the activities of students and pedagogical staff4
- conditions for the development of an individual personality and the creation of special educational conditions (for gifted children, children with disabilities).
The training program is based on a system-activity approach. But the primary education program itself is being developed by the methodological council of the institution.
In the second part of the Federal State Educational Standard, clear requirements for the result of the educational process are described. Including personal, meta-subject and subject learning outcomes.
Recommendations are given for learning outcomes for specific subjects. For example, the Federal State Educational Standard on the Russian language (mother tongue) puts forward the following requirements:
- The formation of ideas about the diversity of the linguistic space of the country.
- Understanding that language is an integral part of national culture.
- The formation of a positive attitude to correct speech (and writing), as part of a common culture.
- Mastering the primary norms of the language.
The third part determines the structure of primary education (curriculum, extracurricular activities, programs of individual subjects, which includes thematic planning according to GEF).
The fourth part contains requirements for the conditions for the implementation of the educational process (personnel, finances, material and technical side).
Secondary (complete) education
The first part of the requirements standard is partially repeated and echoes with the Federal State Educational Standard on primary education. Significant differences appear in the second section, which deals with learning outcomes. It also indicates the necessary standards for the development of certain subjects, including those in the Russian language, literature, a foreign language, history, social studies, geography and others.
The emphasis is on the personal development of students, highlighting such key points as:
- education of patriotism, assimilation of the values of a multinational country;
- the formation of a worldview corresponding to the level of reality;
- mastering the norms of social life;
- the development of an aesthetic understanding of the world and so on.
The requirements for the structure of educational activities are also modified. But the sections remained the same: targeted, substantive, and organizational.
Higher steps
GEF for secondary vocational and higher education is built on the same principles. Their differences are obvious, the requirements for the structure, outcome and conditions of implementation cannot be the same for different educational levels.
The basis of secondary vocational education is the competency-based approach, i.e. people are given not just knowledge, but the ability to manage this knowledge. At the exit from the educational institution, the graduate should not say "I know that," but "I know how."
On the basis of the generally accepted FSES, each educational institution develops its own program, focusing on the profile orientation of the college or university, the presence of certain material and technical capabilities, etc.
The Methodological Council takes into account all the recommendations of the Ministry of Education and acts strictly under his guidance. However, the adoption of programs of specific educational institutions is under the jurisdiction of local authorities and the education department of the region (republic, territory).
Educational institutions should take into account and implement recommendations regarding educational materials (for example, GEF textbooks have taken their rightful place in libraries), thematic planning, etc.
Criticism
On the way to approval, the Federal State Educational Standard has gone through many changes, but even in its current form, the education reform receives a huge amount of criticism, and has received even more.
In fact, in the minds of the developers of the standard, it was supposed to lead to the unity of the entire Russian education. But it turned out the opposite. Someone found pros in this document, someone cons. Many teachers, accustomed to traditional teaching, have been hard pressed for new standards. GEF textbooks raised questions. However, in everything you can find positive points. Modern society does not stand still, education must change and is changing depending on its needs.
One of the main claims to the FSES was its lengthy formulations, the lack of clear objectives and real requirements that would be imposed on students. Entire warring groups appeared. According to the Federal State Educational Standard, everyone was obliged to study, but no one gave explanations on how to do this. And these teachers and methodological specialists had to deal with locally, including everything necessary in the program of their educational institution.
GEF topics have been raised and will continue to be raised, because the old foundations, in which knowledge was the main thing in education, have come into the life of everyone very firmly. The new standards, which are dominated by professional and social competencies, will find their opponents for a long time to come.
Total
The development of GEF was inevitable. Like everything new, this standard has caused a lot of controversy. However, the reform has taken place. To understand whether she is successful or not, at least it is necessary to wait for the first graduation of students. Intermediate results are uninformative in this regard.
At the moment, of course, only one thing - the work of teachers has increased.