Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov is a unique figure in the history of our country. He has done a lot for Russia, having proved himself in various fields. The merits of Lomonosov in many sciences are great. Of course, Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov (years of life - 1711-1765) is a man of diverse interests and encyclopedic knowledge. This is the first natural scientist in our country, whose achievements are of global importance. Mikhail Vasilievich is a historian, poet, artist, one of the founders of such a field of knowledge as physical chemistry. We present to your attention the main merits of Lomonosov in various fields of knowledge.
Chemistry and Physics
Mikhail Vasilievich considered chemistry his main profession. The main merit of Lomonosov is that he developed the fundamental principles of modern atomic-molecular theory. In 1748, the scientist first formulated the law of conservation of mass of substances observed in chemical reactions.
The merits of Lomonosov in chemistry are associated not only with the discovery of laws. He spoke of the need to combine the efforts of various scientists to jointly solve problems. In 1751, Mikhail Vasilievich created the "Word about the benefits of chemistry." In it, he demanded the application of the achievements of such sciences as physics and mathematics to study various chemical phenomena.
The merits of Lomonosov in physics are also great, but his main achievement in this area is the atomic-particle theory, which describes the structure of matter and matter. The scientist explained the reasons why substances accept aggregate states, and also created a theory of heat.
Geography
Under the leadership of Mikhail Vasilievich, he was prepared for the publication of the Atlas of Russia, which excelled similar European atlases. It clarified geographical information, and also provided a description of the empire from an economic and political perspective.
Lomonosov, in fact, conducted a complete inventory of the state. Mikhail Vasilievich developed a plan for the economic and statistical study of Russia. Expeditions across the country were equipped thanks to him. In addition, questionnaires were sent to each province. Extensive information has been collected for the atlas. It presented the physical and geographical characteristics of various localities of the country (information on the construction of river banks, on large hills), as well as economic indicators that are relevant to environmental conditions (where the city is located, whether it is located on the river bank, what plants and factories are in it , crafts and crafts, animals and fishing, fairs, squares).
But this is not all the merits of Lomonosov in this science. Mikhail Vasilievich is considered the founder of such a field of knowledge as economic geography. Lomonosov in 1758 became the head of the Geographic Department, owned by the Academy of Sciences. Mikhail Lomonosov was a teacher for many Russian cartographers, geographers, oceanographers, and surveyors.
Since childhood, Mikhail Vasilievich loved the sea. He cared about the development of navigation in the country, was interested in the study of the polar countries. Lomonosov wrote about unexplored lands located in the Arctic Ocean. The first domestic scientific expedition led by Chichagov and Chelyuskin was carried out thanks to the efforts of Mikhail Vasilyevich. It was he who was its organizer, and also created detailed instructions for the members of this expedition.
Geology
Lomonosov in 1763 created a work entitled "On the layers of the earth." It gave a presentation of modern geology, which is considered the first in history. Science itself did not exist then. Lomonosov noted that mineral veins vary in age, explained the origin of fossils, metal-bearing placers, chernozem, and earthquakes.
Philology
The range of interests and merits of Lomonosov in the field of linguistics is also very extensive. The variety of works of this great scientist is striking in its diversity. We list the main merits of Lomonosov in Russian. It was he who created the first big grammar in our country. It set forth the norms and rules of the new literary language, presented systematically. Lomonosov is the author of works on Russian dialectology, on a comparative historical study of languages, on the poetics of fiction and the style of language, on oratory, as well as on the theory of versification and prose. In addition, his legacy contains works related to general issues of language development.
Literature
Lomonosov is the father of Russian poetry. He approved in Russian poetry the modern system of versification - the syllabonic-tonic. In 1739, Lomonosov wrote Ode to the Capture of Khotin. It was created using the four-foot iamba, which was first introduced in Russian verse. This ode marked the beginning of a new era of Russian poetry.
Note that Lomonosov especially loved this genre. The solemn language of the ode, filled with oratory and exclamations, civic pathos, detailed comparisons and metaphors, biblical images and Slavicism - all this attracted him. Lomonosov believed that in this lies "highness and grandeur." The odes created by him were taken as a sample by almost all Russian poets who created their works in the 18th century. Lomonosov in his creations promoted education and science. He praised peaceful work, glorified the Russian people. In addition, Lomonosov taught the kings, creating the ideal of the empress in his works.
History
Many of Lomonosov’s merits in the sciences, in particular in the field of history, are not so easy to evaluate based on the original texts. Most often, the difficulty of reading and understanding the works he created is explained by the fact that Lomonosov’s language is archaic. However, in terms of moral and artistic characteristics, it is very high, and in style, structure and form is harmonious and refined. It was Mikhail Vasilyevich who presented the history of Russia in exceptional purity and holistic realism. He avoided expressing his personal opinion, and created his “Russian History” on the basis of carefully worked out and various sources he had read over the years.
Lomonosov tried to "clear the historical roots" of our country. He proved that the Slavs are not Swedes, so the "Norman" version should be considered erroneous. Mikhail Vasilyevich openly spoke out, albeit with great care and sensitivity, against church dogma. According to this dogma, it was believed that the Slavs are descended from the biblical grandson of Noah, Mosokh.
Porcelain Samples
Mikhail Vasilievich made a great contribution to the development of porcelain production. Unfortunately, rather scarce materials have been preserved to judge the discoveries made by him in this area. In his created "Laboratory Records" (section "Porcelain Samples") some recipes of porcelain masses are presented. The other part is in the "Laboratory Journal".
Lomonosov began work on porcelain, most likely in 1750. The recipes described by him relate either to the 1751st or to the beginning of 1752. It is impossible to say for sure whether he later made porcelain samples. However, it is clear that Lomonosov conducted the research on his own. He went a different way than Vinogradov, his friend. This conclusion can be made by comparing the porcelain masses created by these two researchers. At Lomonosov, they were two-component, consisting of a quartz-containing component and clay. The masses differed only in quartz materials, grades of clay, preliminary preparation - the degree of grinding, calcination, washing. In addition, the quantitative ratio of their constituent components was different. Vinogradov used the third component as a flux - alabaster (gypsum).
Mosaic work
Mikhail Vasilyevich worked with mosaic - a kind of monumental painting. Why was she interested in it? The scientist wrote that painters use primary colors, and all the rest are made using mixing. He also wanted to find short and simple ways to transmit images.
Mikhail Vasilyevich was cramped and stuffy within the walls of the Academy of Sciences. He strove to get out of the custody of the chancellery, to find activities where his ebullient nature could realize himself.
Lomonosov became interested in mosaic long before he acquired his own chemical laboratory. He was very attracted by the ancient art of creating non-fading portraits and paintings from smalt (glass alloys of different colors). In 1746, Count M.I. Vorontsov brought several mosaic works from Rome. The house of this count was often visited by Mikhail Lomonosov.
Three-color theory
Mikhail Vasilievich began to develop the theory of "three colors." Of course, it was of great importance for the further development of color science. The scientist found that the whole variety of colors has three-dimensionality. Mikhail Vasilyevich found ways to solve various practical problems that are used today in cinema, printing, color photography. Lomonosov tried to create devices with which one could get any color by subtracting or adding the three main ones.
"Poltava battle"
The most famous mosaic work of Mikhail Vasilyevich is the Poltava Battle. This picture is made of pieces of smalt. The length of the columns is 5 cm, and the thickness is only 1-6 mm. This wall canvas was conceived by Lomonosov for the Peter and Paul Cathedral as part of a series of mosaics placed inside the building. In size, this work is huge - more than 300 square meters. m. On the left side of it is depicted Peter I on a horse. He is represented by a brave commander who leads Russian troops into battle. Peter's gaze is resolute and courageous, his pose is magnificent. He is followed by his associates, among whom are recognized A.D. Menshikov and B.P. Sheremetev. At the center of the composition is a simple soldier who blocks the path of the king. This soldier with a musket seemed to restrain Peter I from rushing to break into the depths of the battle and the danger of death. This figure represents the common people. According to the author, his role is no less significant than the role of Peter I.
So, we have set out the main merits of Lomonosov briefly. Of course, we did not talk about all the achievements of this scientist. It is simply impossible to cover all of his extensive activities in one article. The outstanding merits of Lomonosov in literature and the Russian language, chemistry, geography, physics and other fields of knowledge make him one of the most significant figures in Russian history.