During the recovery period after treatment at home or in the hospital, as well as in case of loss of working capacity, patients need qualified help and support. In this case, the main problems of the patient affect not only physiological, but also psychological needs. Support from an experienced nurse has an extremely positive effect on the person and leads to his speedy recovery.
The priority problems of the patient are, first of all, the need for careful care, the implementation of medical prescriptions. The presence of nursing care in this case serves as a guarantee that the patient will not be helpless in difficult situations or in the absence of relatives.
The main problems of the patient
The bulk of immobile patients, in the first place, feel discomfort due to the limited mobility of the body. Hence the deficit of self-care, a change in habitual nutrition. The aforementioned problems often result in the development of disturbances in the functioning of organs and systems, in particular, the appearance of edema, headache, shortness of breath, joint pain, and cardiac arrhythmias.
In turn, the psychological problems of the patient are expressed in a lack of communication, in a sense of general moral discomfort. Without the support of a nurse or a nurse, such discomfort can develop into apathy to the outside world. Against the background of a stationary state, prolonged depressive states often arise.
Priority issues
The priority problems of the patient are the following pathologies and conditions:
- lack of consciousness;
- urinary and fecal incontinence or constipation;
- violation of the respiratory system;
- disruptions in cardiac activity.
Potential problems
At the rehabilitation stage, a person with limited mobility can potentially have a number of difficulties. Without proper patient care, bedsores and diaper rash are likely to develop. With prolonged lying position, the patient may suffer from malnutrition of muscle tissue, which often flows into osteoporosis and is accompanied by bone fractures.
Among other things, the patient’s problems - real and potential - affect the increased risk of:
- the formation of venous blood clots;
- pneumonia development;
- occurrence of urological infections;
- manifestations of complications that affect the functioning of the cardiovascular system.
Nursing Plan Basics
Nursing care should be based on the following provisions. First, the nurse needs to achieve alignment of the patient’s body parts, to think about how to most accurately perform limb movements for resistance.
In addition, the sister should warn the victim about the possible danger of bending and turning, and explain the basic principles of biomechanics to the patient.
Of particular importance is the monitoring of patient nutrition. For a speedy recovery, the diet of a person confined to a hospital bed should include foods saturated with proteins, phosphorus, and calcium. Therefore, food here is based on the use of legumes, fish, meat and liver, dairy products.
When do you resort to nursing care?
The support of the patient from the side of the paramedic or nurse looks relevant:
- if the patient is in a coma;
- when recovering from a stroke, heart attack, other disorders of the organs of the cardiovascular system;
- during rehabilitation, aimed at eliminating the consequences of serious injuries;
- after surgery;
- in the case of the development of a patient with cancer;
- with psychological disorders, mental illness, nervous abnormalities;
- in cases when the basic needs of the patient cannot be independently realized;
- when serving feeble people, people of old age.
The first phase of nursing care - examination
The main goal of the nursing examination of the patient is the collection of data on his health status. Initially, healthcare providers gather information to form a medical history. Then resort to a physical examination, in particular the measurement of body temperature, blood and eye pressure. Subsequently, blood and urine tests are performed, and the biochemical parameters of body fluids are examined.
The second phase of nursing care is to identify patient problems
At the next stage of nursing care, potential and existing, as well as priority problems of the patient are determined. This can be stressful conditions, fear of surgical intervention, discomfort due to the limitation of body mobility.
Typically, healthcare providers simultaneously identify different types of patient problems. In such situations, the main task is to determine the difficulties, the elimination of which requires emergency intervention. An example here is the increase in blood pressure, stress, the development of pain syndromes. On the contrary, intermediate problems do not pose a health hazard - the presence of discomfort in the postoperative period, lack of self-care, etc.
Stage Three Nursing - Setting Goals
There are a number of tasks that are always set for carers when caring for the patient:
- formation of an information base about the patient;
- identification of the objective needs of the patient during the rehabilitation period;
- arrangement of the main priorities in service;
- development of a patient care plan, taking into account current and potential patient problems;
- determination of how effective in terms of successful rehabilitation of the victim the drawn up action plan will be.
This takes time to evaluate each goal. The duration of the assessment here depends on the etiology of the disease, objective problems, and the condition of the patient.
Nursing care involves the implementation of several goals: long-term - more than 2 weeks and short-term - 1-1.5 weeks. For example, when setting goals, a nurse can educate a patient for several days on their own to take medicine, to instill eye drops without assistance. At the end of the allotted time, the nurse must determine how effectively the patient copes with the indicated actions.
The fourth stage of nursing care - intervention
The main task of
nursing intervention are measures aimed at implementing previously set goals. The following medical intervention systems are distinguished:
- Compensating (absolute) - several categories of patients need it. First of all, victims who are in a critical or unconscious state. According to the presented system, patient service is also resorted to in cases where there are medical prescriptions aimed at restricting mobility. In addition, the approach is applied if a person cannot independently make informed decisions.
- Partially compensating - the distribution of actions between the patient and the nurse depends on the degree of limitation of the motor abilities of the victim, as well as the latter's predisposition to training.
- Supportive - the intervention system is used in situations where the patient is able to independently learn how to care for himself and perform simple tasks. At the same time, the presence of a nurse and the monitoring of actions on her part are a prerequisite for caring for the patient.
The fifth stage of nursing care - assessment of the results
Nursing problems may arise here. The patient must be brought into a capable state as soon as possible. Therefore, at this stage, the medical worker has to evaluate the degree of implementation of the plan points, compare the results of the measures taken with the desired results.
At the end of the evaluation of the results, the sister forms the corresponding conclusions, makes notes in the medical history. The documentation indicates how much the patient's condition has improved or worsened following the results of the measures taken.
If the results of nursing care are unsatisfactory, mistakes are revealed. Previously set goals are changed to more realistic, achievable in existing conditions. Ultimately, the action plan is revised, and adjustments are made to the nursing care plan.
Finally
As you can see, the patient’s priority problems are the physical and psychological discomfort that occurs in response to limited body mobility, the need for prolonged bed rest. As for nursing care, such events not only contribute to the speedy rehabilitation of the patient, but also the adaptation of the victim’s relatives to the changes that have arisen due to health problems of a loved one. In general, the dissatisfaction of the needs of the patient always causes the emergence of certain problems.