What is smoking? As a rule, this word is associated with a hut, a dwelling, and also with the Cossacks. And such an association is true. However, these are not all interpretations. It turns out that this term has a few more meanings, not necessarily related to housing.
Many meanings
Kuren is a word that has several interpretations. These include the following:
- Summer building of the light type, the gatehouse (on melon, in the garden, in the garden), a hut, a hut.
- Cossack chicken - a residential building, usually chopped, wooden. Observed in the Don, in the Cossack villages in Ukraine.
- Historical - the division of troops in the Zaporizhzhya Sich, as well as in the Ukrainian army.
- The place where such a unit is located.
Other options
In addition to the above, the words we study have other interpretations. Consider them:
- In the outdated sense, chicken is a part of the forest area intended for chopping wood and burning coal from them.
- At the Pomors (subethnos of the Karelian and Russian peoples on the White Sea) - a small dilapidated hut or a chicken hut - one that was stoked in the absence of a chimney, smoke escaped through the door and special openings in the roof or in the wall.
- And the Pomors were called the blizzard, probably due to the association with curling pillars of smoke.
- The nomadic settlement near the Mongols, in which there are a large number of yurts.
Origin
To better understand that this is a chicken, consider the origin of the studied linguistic object. According to etymological scientists, this term takes its origin from the Chagatai language.
This is a medieval Turkic written and literary language, which reached its greatest form in the 16th century. There it looks like kureń and means a tribe, a detachment of warriors, a crowd, and also a bakery. That is, the Türks also had two meanings of the word - both the union of people and the room. Some researchers, for example, F.F. Fortunatov, erect the origin of "smokers" from the verb "smoke". Others (Max Fasmer) categorically object to this.
Synonyms
The word "chicken" (photos of objects called so, you can see in the article) synonyms can be different in meaning. So, the following words can be attributed to them:
- hut;
- house;
- hut;
- gatehouse;
- hut;
- yurt;
- building;
- mill;
- settlement;
- subdivision;
- camp site;
- district;
- blizzard;
- winter storm.
How was it arranged?
Cossack smoking is divided into two types:
- The first is a type of South Russian, that is, Ukrainian hut, most common in the Kuban.
- The second is a two-story building, characteristic of the inhabitants of the upper Don and the Caucasus.
Consider the second type. It is also called semi-stone. The first floor is brick (previously - adobe), the second - from wood. The first floor was usually non-residential (utility) and was called the "lower classes". The main entrance was through a porch that rose to the second floor, which was surrounded by balusters - a special terrace.
The main room was called the "hall", it is fenced off by the entrance door from the front door. In the red corner, opposite the entrance on the left, there was a deity, and below it was a table with a tablecloth. There were benches along the walls. Here were - a cupboard, bed, chest, mirror, stove. In the center was a dining table.
There was a door in the hall leading to the bedroom. This is the female half. There was a large bed, a cradle for a child was suspended. There was also a spinning wheel and a chest with things. In the hall there was also a door leading to the male part of the house, it was called well done, kunatskaya, and the grid woman. It was intended for single Cossacks and teenagers.
Regardless of the number of rooms, the kitchen has always stood out in a separate room called “concoction”, “concoction”. There was cooking and eating. One side of the kitchen went into the kitchen, which was also placed in the hall. In the kitchen near the stove there was a cast-iron stove. Also in this room were cabinets with edible supplies and utensils.
Zaporizhzhya Sich
At the end of the study of the question of what this is a chicken, we consider what it was like in the Zaporizhzhya Sich. So in this place in the XVI-XVIII centuries they called - firstly, a military-administrative unit, and, secondly, a village that had one hundred houses. At the head of each such settlement stood a smoking ataman. There were a total of 38 smokers.
Each of those who entered the Cossacks was a member of a kuren. They included only single men. Married had the right to live only in palanques (fortified towns). Each smoker had his own farm.
When an army was marching on land, it was divided into shelves, not smoking. Thus, the regiment consisted of about three to four smokers.
Ataman, who headed the kuren, was elected by the Cossack Council, called the smoky council. She had broad powers in the military-administrative plan and some judicial competencies. The chieftain kept the treasury in storage, he was responsible for the supply of food and fuel, kept lists of Cossacks.
Every year in Sich, meetings of the Sich of the Rada were held with the participation of all Cossacks with the same rights. There were selected: the ataman, clerk, judge, esaul, treasurer and other leaders.