Assessment of the technical condition of buildings and structures is a procedure carried out in order to verify the quality of the constructed structure and its safety for others. The assessment is carried out by special organizations specializing in this work. Verification is carried out on the basis of GOST R 53778-2010.
The essence of the study
A comprehensive survey of the technical condition of the building / structure is carried out in order to determine the real quality, reliability of the erected building, as well as its elements and components. As a result of the assessment, quantitative indicators of the actual quality, safety of the structure (strength, heat transfer resistance and so on) are determined taking into account the changes occurring over time in order to establish the scope, composition of work on major repairs or reconstruction.
An audit conducted on the basis of regulatory documents on the technical condition of buildings and structures should be the result of the appearance of sufficient, reliable information to create a project for repair or reconstruction.
If, as a result of the assessment of the building, its operational, normative technical condition is established, this should be supported by sufficient information so that the authorized bodies can make an informed decision on the trouble-free further operation of the constructed buildings.
If, when checking according to the norms of the technical regulation on the safety of buildings and structures, it is established that the condition of the building is limitedly operable, it is necessary to provide information sufficient for the design of various options for designing the strengthening of the base foundation or its restoration.
Inspection Objects
The rules for the examination and monitoring of the technical condition of a building and structure determine that the objects of assessment are the following structural elements:
- columns, walls, pillars;
- base soil, grillages, foundations, base beams;
- coatings, ceilings (arches, beams, girders, slabs, roof trusses and roof trusses, etc.);
- bay windows, balconies, crane beams, trusses, stairs;
- rigid elements, communication devices, nodes, joints, methods of connecting and pairing elements with each other, the dimensions of the bearing pads and so on.
Verification of all structural parts of buildings is due to the fact that all elements work in close interconnection, while being composed of different materials. Often such buildings are old.
Differentiation of buildings by hazard class
According to the technical regulations on the safety of buildings and structures, an assessment of the quality category, the safety of load-bearing elements, of erected buildings as a whole, including the soil base, is carried out on the basis of the results of the survey and calculations.
After verification, the structure is assigned to one of the following danger groups:
- Regulatory technical condition.
- Workable condition.
- Limited working condition.
- Emergency condition.
If, after assessing the technical condition of buildings and structures, it is established that the structure belongs to the first or second hazard class, its operation under current influences and loads is possible without any restrictions being established. Despite this, for erected buildings, their structural elements, and soil base, requirements for periodic inspection without interruptions in operation can be established.
If during the inspection of the technical condition of buildings and structures it is determined that the structure is in a state of limited operability, the work plan includes measures to strengthen or restore the structures, the soil base, and then conduct a second check of the quality and safety of the structure.
When establishing the emergency state of the erected building, as well as its soil foundation, the operation of the building is strictly prohibited. At the same time, mandatory periodic monitoring is carried out.
Stages of verification technical safety of buildings and structures
A comprehensive study of the quality and safety of erected buildings includes checking the quality of base soils, structures, their elements, technical devices, networks, equipment.
Diagnostics of the technical condition of buildings and structures includes the following steps:
- preparatory phase of the survey;
- visual (preliminary) inspection;
- instrumental (detailed) examination.
Some owners reduce the volume of research, claiming to skip one of the stages. In this case, the organization conducting the assessment of the technical condition of buildings and structures assumes responsibility for the insufficient reliability of the survey results.
Preparatory stage
Preparatory work is carried out in order to get acquainted with the object of verification, to study the following structural features:
- Space-planning solution.
- Design features.
- Engineering geological survey materials.
- Design and technical documentation through its collection and subsequent analysis.
Based on the work done, a research program is compiled, which takes into account the terms of reference drawn up jointly with the customer. As a result of preparatory research work for a full audit, the following documents are studied:
- technical task for inspection, the content of which is agreed with the customer;
- floor inventory plans, technical passport on the erected building;
- acts on inspection of the structure or building, which are performed by an employee of the organization operating the building (including defective statements);
- reports, acts of previous surveys of the erected building;
- documentation (design) for the design;
- information about reconstructions, rebuildings, repairs of a capital type and the like;
- geological basis, which is carried out by specializing in this organization;
- information on surveys of an engineering-geological nature over the previous five years;
- information that the following geological hazardous phenomena are located near the erected building: filled ravines, karst dips, landslide zones and the like;
- a protocol approved by the customer on the procedure for accessing the studied structure, engineering equipment and the like (if necessary);
- documentation that is received from the city competent authorities on the capacity, location of electric wiring, water, gas, heat, sewage and the like.
Analysis of project documentation
Assessment of the technical condition of buildings and structures by KOSGU includes the study of documents at the preparatory stage. As a result of the audit, the special organization receives the following data:
- The name of the author of the building plan.
- The year the project was created.
- Constructive plan of the erected building.
- Information about the structures that were used in the project.
- Assembly diagrams of prefabricated parts with an indication of the time of their manufacture.
- Building time.
- The geometric parameters of a structure or building, as well as its basic foundations, elements.
- The scheme with the calculations.
- Maximum allowable load, according to the project.
- Characteristics of materials used in construction (metal, concrete, stone, etc.).
- Passports, certificates for use in the construction of a building materials and products.
- Characteristics of the soil base.
- Deviations from the plan, replacements, if any.
- The nature of external influences on the structure.
- Information about the environment.
- Power, places of water supply, heat and electricity, gas, sewer, heat.
- Damage, defects that appeared during operation.
- The moral degree of depreciation of the facility, which is associated with defects in the layout, construction mismatch normative modern requirements.
After studying the documents for assessing the technical condition of buildings and structures, specialists draw up a program where the following data is indicated:
- list of building elements, basic foundations to be examined;
- methods, places of instrumental tests, measurements;
- a list of engineering networks, equipment, communications, which are subject to inspection;
- places of sampling and opening material samples for the study of samples in the laboratory;
- list of necessary verification calculations;
- the importance of engineering and geological surveys.
Preliminary check
The joint venture on the technical condition of buildings and structures sets the goal of a visual (preliminary) examination to assess the quality of safety of the basic foundations, engineering equipment, electrical networks, communications equipment for external properties, as well as determine the need for a detailed examination, making corrections and clarifications to the program.
Studying the basic foundations of erected buildings, engineering equipment, electrical networks, communications, as well as to detect damage, defects, their measurement and fixation with the naked eye.
Based on the results of the visual (preliminary) examination, the following documents are prepared:
- Defective statements, damage schemes, fixing their nature, places.
- Photos, description of areas with defects.
- The results of the study of the presence of deformations of a structure or building, its individual basic foundations (rolls, sags, skews, bends, faults, etc.).
- Establishment of emergency type sites.
- The adjusted structural plan of the erected building.
- Bearing identified floor foundations indicating the location.
- The corrected scheme of autopsies, places of workings, sensing parts of the device.
- Features of nearby territorial areas, vertical layout, organization of surface water withdrawal.
- Estimation of the location of the erected building in the building from the position of the back up ventilation, gas and smoke channels.
- An assessment of the preliminary nature of the technical condition of the basic foundations, engineering equipment, electricity networks, and communications equipment, which is determined by the level of damage, defective signs.
Defect detection
According to GOST R 53778-2010, the identification of damage, defects for different types of the basic foundations of the building type allows us to establish the causes of their occurrence to evaluate the technical condition of the structure to a sufficient degree. If the results of a surface examination are insufficient to solve problems, an instrumental (detailed) examination is carried out.
If, during a visual examination, damage and defects are found that reduce the strength, stiffness, and stability of the bearing foundations of the erected building (beams, columns, arches, trusses, ceilings, coatings, etc.), a further check is carried out.
If the study revealed characteristic cracks, distortions of parts of the structure and building, faults in the walls and other deformations and damages that indicate a negative state of the soil base, engineering-geological surveys are included in the instrumental (detailed) study.
As a result of this study, repair and restoration work, as well as reinforcement of parts of the base, may be required. At the same time, conducting engineering-geological studies are a mandatory part of the assessment.
Detailed examination
Instrumental (detailed) inspection of the quality and safety of the erected building includes the following actions:
- measurement of various parameters of the geometric type of structures or buildings, basic foundations, their parts and nodes;
- conducting engineering and geological surveys;
- determination of the size of damage and defects using special tools;
- determination of the real characteristics of the basic materials used in the supporting structures and their elements;
- taking measurements in the operational environment, which is inherent in the processes carried out in the erected building;
- determination of actual operational impacts and loads that are perceived by the studied devices with adjustment depending on deformations of the soil bases;
- analysis of the sources of damage and defects in devices;
- determination of the actual scheme of the erected buildings, their structures with calculations;
- verification calculations of the bearing abilities of the basic basis according to the results of the survey;
- Calculation of the necessary efforts in the establishment of supporting basic foundations that perceive operating loads;
- drawing up conclusions, which indicate the results of the survey.
Content of the conclusion
The act of inspection of the technical condition of the building in the final part contains the following information:
- Definition of a category of technical quality and safety.
- Materials that justify the category established by the audit.
- Justification of the possible causes of damage and defects in the basic framework.
- Design task for the development of measures to strengthen or restore the basic foundations.
- Assessment of the general technical condition and hazard category.
- The results of the survey, which justify the established category of quality and safety of the inspected object.
- Assessment of the quality and condition of engineering systems, electricity networks and communications equipment, as well as establishing the degree of soundproofing properties of enclosing buildings, noise of engineering-type equipment, external vibrations and noise, and the thermal characteristics of enclosing external basic foundations.
- Confirmation of assessment of survey results.
- Explanation of the most possible causes of damage and defects in structures, engineering systems, in electricity networks and communications, reducing the soundproofing properties of building envelopes, the properties of the heat-insulating type of enclosing external base foundations.
- Task for the development of measures to strengthen, restore and repair equipment, basic foundations and networks.
- Based on the results of quality and safety checks of the erected building, a passport of this building is compiled in accordance with the standards established by law. If such a document has already been drawn up before this, amendments may be made to it (if necessary).
Assessment of the condition of structures and buildings is a necessary procedure to determine the quality of a building and its degree of safety for people around it, as well as the possibility of its trouble-free operation.