The main type of language modality is desirability, which shows the relation to the described reality. And therefore, all grammatical means are involved precisely in its expression to a particular event in the Russian language. All particles, unions and allied combinations, even the word order itself, have their own roles in shaping desirability. To express this meaning, various infinitive constructions are used, which are also grammatical means. All ten parts of speech: interjections, particles, conjunctions, prepositions, adverbs, verbs, pronouns, numerals, adjectives and nouns - form the meaning of desirability in the native language.
Parts of speech
Adverb, verb, numeral, adjective, noun - parts of speech are significant, with their own lexical meaning. This grammar class has special categories and plays a crucial role in the sentence as primary or secondary members. When constructing sentences, they are the main grammatical means. The pronoun is also a significant part of speech, but it does not have a separate lexical meaning, and grammatical categories also depend on the category of the pronoun, repeating the categories of numerals, adverbs, adjectives or nouns.
Particles, conjunctions and prepositions have official functions, indicating the relationship between sentences or words. Their peculiarity is that with the help of the service parts of speech, utterance can be given various modal and semantic shades. This means that, as grammatical means, they are very important. And only interjection does not apply to official or significant parts of speech, but they also have their own role in the formation of the utterance.
Is building sentences free?
Many people are absolutely sure that the word order in the sentence Russian allows any. But, if freedom really existed here, there would be no choice errors. Even such a stylistic device as inversion would not have appeared. Naturally, our language is flexible, because the order of words in a sentence not only has a grammatical meaning, but also a semantic one. Here you can recall how Pushkinâs famous poem amusingly retold in prose: "I loved you, maybe love has not yet completely died out in my soul ...". Immediately disappears high mood, the deep meanings laid down by the author in these lines.
The grammatical means of the language in each case show the very nature of the appearance of certain words in a sentence, since the meaning depends on this, which is regulated by the chosen order of use and arrangement of lexemes. Also, the meaning depends on the previous sentence, and on the next. Phrases are used that can be organized in one of the necessary ways: coordination (evening dawn), or management (read a book), or adjacency (sad smile). And these grammatical means in the text are always predetermined by the very grammatical nature of words entering into one or another phrase.
Vowel Alternation
One of the varieties of grammatical alternation of sounds in different members of the model of a particular word indicates the variability of grammatical meanings. Internal inflection changes the vowel inside the root stem. For the first time this process was discovered by linguists in Indo-European languages, especially a lot in Germanic.
The most ancient form is in strong German verbs and in non-standard English verbs. The term "ablaut" is used to denote this alternation of vowels in verbal and verbal formations. And if the vowels change at the root of the noun, it is umlaut. For example, German verbs: singen-sang-gesangen, and English - sing-sang-sung. It should be noted that in English this alternation is much less common.
In Russian, internal inflection also changes the sound composition of the root, which is why various meanings of the word are manifested: send - send, remove - remove (perfect and imperfect form of the verb) or, for example, drove - cart, when lexical classes change from the alternation of vowels - verb goes into a noun. Other examples: dial - dial, die - die, lock - lock and the like.
Connected text
Structures in the text are connected not only into a single semantic whole, but also by separate chains. And for this, certain grammatical means of communicating sentences are used. Sometimes in construction, several such tools are necessary at the same time.
This may be a lexical repetition: "It is difficult to be a defender of universal truth, and it is even more difficult to be a loser when it is impossible to bear the burden on yourself or to abandon it." Or "All of Chekhovâs stories are a constant stumbling, but there is a stumbling man who looked at the stars."
Word formation
Word-building and grammatical means of building text are used even more often. For example, the root words: "Forests have become dehydrated. Forests have been deforested." (V. Khlebnikov.)
Helps in word formation and the use of pronouns - possessive, indicative, personal. For example: "How beautiful nature is in spring! Without it, it is impossible to imagine the joy of existence." Personal pronoun used here. Or: "Finally, we saw the mark. The very one that was left here last summer." The pronoun is here.
Particles and pronouns are also used - namely, there, then others.
Other means of communication
Especially often, the writer uses synonyms to link sentences together. For example: âThe girl, startled, froze for a moment, and then grabbed herself abruptly, feeling a heart dizzying somewhere falling downwards, burst into flames with irrepressible tears of inspired shock, and scooted headlong to meet fate.â
Even more often, writers use words in which meaning refers to a part of the whole. For example: "He was always drawn to Siberia. It doesnât matter where: the colorful, crowded Altai or the deserted north of Putoran, the main thing is pure snow, dazzling sun, clear water and such tasty air that you can get enough of it."
Unions and particles
Unions are also used, most often composed, and particles. For example: âMy heart ached: we are leaving very, very far and for a long time from our native places. But that is exactly what we all agreed on the shore.â Here the connection is due to the creative union âbutâ, the demonstrative pronoun âabout itâ, and the word âexactlyâ plays its role.
And further: "Will we soon see those who have remained in the far-off abandoned by us? And itâs wonderful that not soon! We will all have time to get bored." It uses pronouns, particles, and antonyms.
Connections: parallel and chain
If a chain link is used, the keyword is repeated or replaced by a synonymous phrase. For example: âWhen we turn our thoughts to one of the great artists, the same thing always happens. Itâs worth remembering Blok that Petersburg rises before his eyes. This huge gloomy city with gray ghosts of houses. It gradually fills with special light, and we find ourselves in the world that created Alexander Blok. "
If the connection of sentences is not linked by synonyms, but is represented by comparison, this is a parallel type of connection. It is most often amplified by the use of introductory words - finally, firstly, and the like. It also uses the adverbs of time and place - then, first, in front, on the left and others, as well as subordinate clauses and participles. Parallel communications are for the most part represented by the main proposal, which, with the help of the subsequent ones, is clarified in terms of meaning and developed, specified.
Speech errors
In addition to the fact that people very often do not control the word order used in their statements, they are also mistaken in pronunciation. The Russian language is extremely rich and allows for enormous freedom in word formation. However, there are many rules in it that taboo this or that pronunciation. A well-educated person always knows how to emphasize a particular word. For example, when applying for a job, you need to prepare a variety of documents and sign an agreement. The latter cannot be pronounced as a contract. Only a contract, and if the phrase âaccording to (what?) The contractâ is met, and in no case âaccording to the contractâ.
Such examples are quite a large number, and they need to be remembered elementarily. For example: to spoil a child, buy a cottage cheese, green sorrel, a loan percentage. And you can never say "Pamper, TVOROG, SOREL, PERCENT", which still happens from time to time. A river, for example, flows, not flows. And this is not ignorance of the rules of stress, but simple illiteracy, insufficient reading. The same thing happens with the Leta River, which flows in the kingdom of Hades. To sink into oblivion - there is such an expression in high style. And it has nothing to do with the time of year. But today we will talk about a higher degree of literacy and a different kind of stress - logical.
The role of parts of speech in connection with sentences
As we already found out, in Russian the word order is not completely free, despite the fact that inversions are used - word permutations. The laws of constructing the Russian language should work here, and all the restrictions are precisely connected with the structural dependence of the components from each other, with their semantic significance. The division into structural elements is syntactic. However, the actual is also considered - the source is revealed, what was known before the statement, that is, the topic. And then a new one is added - the core, rem. Which is the communicative center of each sentence and therefore stands out by logical stress.
Usually, a proposal is built according to this scheme: first, the topic, then Rema. This is a direct word order, which depends on the actual division of the sentence and has its own communicative stylistic functions. The word order can be direct, it is used in journalism and in scientific literature. But the reverse word order is characteristic of fiction. The place of the subject and predicate in the sentence may be different. In the narrative, the subject first. And the inversion always bears the logical emphasis and emphasizes this passage of text. The definition is most often confronted with a noun. The separation of a definition from a noun is perhaps the most powerful means of transferring stress in literary speech.