The physical education of the child is an essential aspect of the comprehensive development of the individual. It contributes to the formation of a small person such positive qualities as hard work, will and collectivism. In addition, physical education pursues wellness goals. It helps in the formation of proper bending of the spine, in strengthening the ligamentous-articular and muscular systems, in the development of the arches of the foot and improving the work of the respiratory organs, blood vessels and heart.
Means of physical education
How to solve such important tasks that allow the child to grow up a healthy and harmoniously developed personality? For this, the following means of physical education of preschool children are used:
- hygiene factors;
- physical exercise;
- forces of nature, etc.
A comprehensive impact on the child’s body can be achieved only with the integrated use of all of the above funds. This will contribute to the physical education of children.
An important role in this case is given to hygiene factors. This is a regimen of sleep and exercise, nutrition and wakefulness. In addition, educators and parents should teach their children the hygiene of shoes and clothes, as well as the cleaning of group rooms, exercise equipment and devices.
The performance of a small person is greatly enhanced by natural factors of nature, such as water, air and the sun. In a child in the fresh air, the functional capabilities of the body are activated. Natural factors contribute to hardening. In addition, with their help, training is carried out on the mechanisms of thermoregulation of the body. And the use of natural forces in combination with various physical exercises allows you to speed up metabolic processes and increase the body's defenses.
The Importance of Active Movement
What is the main means of physical education of the child? The answer is clear. This is exercise. They are used in solving a whole range of educational and recreational tasks, the purpose of which is to comprehensively develop the personality of a small person.
The child performs many motor actions, which are very diverse. He sculpts and draws, plays and dances. The totality of such movements is combined into a holistic action.
A bit of history
Why do we consider physical exercise as the main means of physical education? In order to answer this question, you need to make a short trip to the past. In ancient times, physical exercises were an integral part of human life. With their help, he satisfied the need for housing and food, procreation, warmth, etc. Then a person went through various stages of his development. Together with him, his movements became more and more perfect.
What contributed to the occurrence of exercise? They appeared thanks to labor, hunting and even wars. Man needed to survive. That is why he improved such qualities of his body as strength and dexterity, endurance, speed and flexibility. Almost all classes required skill and ability to perform certain actions from a person. That is why, before going hunting, people put images of animals on the rocks and shot them with bows. This was a kind of training, thanks to which the hunter acquired the skills necessary to capture the beast.
The appearance of physical exercise was made possible thanks to labor processes and religious rites, as well as many other events that took place in society. With the development of civilization, the similarity that existed between labor and exercise was gradually lost. At the same time, certain actions gradually began to be singled out from the diverse motor activity. They began to be used in the physical education of the individual and called exercises. It was throwing and running, jumping, swimming, etc. Special exercises began to be created for the development of a particular muscle group. They were performed with or without objects.
Widespread and outdoor games that have arisen in ancient times. This is a favorite of many bast shoes, burners, traps and much more. Over time, sports games appeared (football and hockey, tennis and basketball, etc.).
The creation and further development of physical exercises does not stop today. The development of more and more new and improved systems, which allow developing the motor activity of children, continues.
What is exercise?
The life of any person is impossible without active movements. They are especially important for a developing child's body. To the question of what is the main means of physical education, a definite answer can be given. And this is confirmed not only by theoretical, but also by practical knowledge of pedagogy. The main specific means of physical education of a person is physical exercises. They are used in combination, solving simultaneously educational and health problems.
A variety of exercises as the main means of physical education quite effectively produce the correction of the psychophysical state of the developing organism of the baby.
According to practice and theory of physical education, the term "exercise" has 2 meanings. First of all, with its help determine the types of various motor actions. They also serve as means of physical education. In addition, exercises mean repeatedly reproduced actions planned in accordance with the guidelines. Both explanations of the term are closely related. However, there are some differences between them. In the first interpretation of the word “exercise”, it is mainly about what tools are used to affect the physical condition of children. The second explanation explains to us how this effect is produced.
What is related to exercise?
Not all active movements of children contribute to the educational process. The main means of physical education in the form of exercises takes place only when the activity of the kids is aimed at solving the problems of harmonious development of the personality, and is subject to all the rules of the pedagogical process. Such movements may include running, walking, swimming, etc. They play the role of a means of physical education for preschool children. Such movements help ensure the functional activity of the body and improve the psychophysical qualities of the individual. It is only worth always remembering which means of physical education is the main one, and not identifying it with certain domestic and labor activities.
Training Movement Content
Physical exercises consist of certain motor actions and those processes that occur in all body systems. Conducting active classes with children involves the submission of a conscious attitude aimed at achieving the desired result of actions. This corresponds to the tasks facing teachers.
Why are physical exercises the primary means of education? Because when they are performed, there is a significant activation of mental processes and motor representations. Developing imagination, attention, memory, etc. In addition, through the implementation of physical exercises, the cardiovascular, nervous and respiratory systems are strengthened. Active movements require some volitional efforts from children, which contributes to the development of the emotional sphere and sensorimotor functions.
Exercise technique
This concept includes the way in which the necessary movements are performed. The technique of exercise may be different. This applies to speed and execution methods (back forward, on toes, etc.). The choice of a particular technique has a huge impact on the results of the exercises. In addition, sports equipment is often used during classes, allowing you to bring movement to perfection.
The technique of any physical exercise has three components. The first of these is the foundation. These are the main elements of the exercise, which are designed to solve motor tasks. The second component of the active occupation technique is the determining link. This is the part of the movement that is crucial. An example of a defining link is the repulsion of legs while jumping in place. There are also details of the technique of exercises. They are secondary features of active actions that can be changed.
Age features of classes
Most parents know what is the main means of physical education of children. That is why, starting from the early period of a child’s life, fathers and mothers conduct active classes with their kids. Moreover, the movements of the child must correspond to his age. So, in the thoracic period of life, the baby is only able to do passive exercises or passively active ones, which adults help him to perform. These activities are accompanied by air baths and massages. Growing up, the baby begins to crawl, prepares for walking, rolls and throws the ball. At this age, these movements are those physical exercises that are necessary for the development of personality.
More difficult classes are held with children 5-6 years old. What is the main means of physical education at this age? All the same general developmental exercises. Only older children should already perform:
- various types of running, walking, jumping and climbing;
- building, turning and rebuilding;
- dance moves.
Forms of classes
The main specific means of physical education, which are exercises, can be implemented in different ways. The main forms of active training for children are:
- physical education minutes;
- morning gymnastics;
- physical education classes;
- outdoor games;
- independent studies.
Morning gymnastics
The main specific means of physical education is a variety of exercises. Their implementation is carried out using such a component, included in the regimen of the day of the kids, as morning exercises. Her exercises allow you to remove some inhibition left after a night's sleep. At the same time, training is provided for all muscle groups, which contributes to the formation of good posture and prepares the fragile children's body for further stress.
The duration of such training depends on the age of the kids. So, it’s enough for the younger group to work out for 4-5 minutes. Senior kindergarteners need classes lasting 10-12 minutes.
At the same time, all exercises are selected in such a way that consistent development of various muscle groups from the shoulder girdle to the feet is performed. Further, movements that enhance metabolism in the body are used. These are various jumps, alternating with light running. At the last stage of morning exercises, the respiratory and cardiovascular systems are regulated. This is possible when doing walking exercises, dancing steps, etc.
Gym
The main specific means of physical education are short-time classes. These are physical training minutes, which are recommended to be carried out in the middle, as well as in the senior and preparatory groups during the classes or in between. Even short-term physical activity can relieve fatigue and restore a positive emotional state.
Physical education is carried out sitting. It is organized and standing at the tables at which children are engaged. It includes two or three exercises on the movement of the arms, extension of the body, as well as steps in place. All this activates the muscles and expands the chest. Perform such exercises for no more than one to two minutes.
Outdoor games
In pedagogy, they often use another form of work with children. These are outdoor games. As a means of physical education, such classes:
- expand the motor experience of the child, enriching it with both new and more complex movements;
- Improve motor skills available for babies;
- foster activity, independence, as well as positive relationships in a peer team;
- develop motor qualities such as endurance, speed and agility.
Outdoor games as the main means and methods of physical education are planned by the teacher in advance. At the same time, they are included in the mode of the day of the kids. In the morning, children play by themselves. They continue afterwards, already on a walk. Only here they are one of the forms of the teacher’s daily work. The duration of organized outdoor games and exercises on the street, as a rule, is 30-40 minutes. In the evening, such activities take 10-15 minutes. This form of physical education strengthens the health of babies and tempers their body. It is good if during such exercises the children are provided with equipment and sports aids that stimulate physical activity.
Self study
Exercise can be performed at the request and initiative of children. In this case, they will be an independent occupation. Nevertheless, such motor activity should be under the constant supervision of the educator. This form of work with kids is aimed at developing movements and forming the habit of independent exercise.
The method of using physical culture
The way in which active movements are used in the process of raising children depends on the age, as well as on the conditions of the classes and motor abilities of the kids. There are two groups of different methods. The first of them are specific. They are used only in the process of physical education. The second group includes general educational methods.
The scope of their use extends to all cases of education and training. The list of specific methods includes:
- methods that strictly regulate the physical. exercises;
- outdoor games;
- competitive method when exercises are used in a competitive form.
All these methods are designed to solve the problems of teaching kids the technique of doing exercises. They also help in the education of the physical qualities of the individual.
All exercises for children are offered in the most specific form. It can be various tasks, for example, “run to the bench”. In addition, educators often use imaginative imitations and assignments. For example, "you have to run quietly, like mice." Specific methods of physical education also involve working with various subjects (sticks, balls, etc.). Moreover, all training comes from simple movements and actions to more complex ones.
When applying general educational methods, verbal and visual methods of influence are used. What is the way to choose a teacher for the process of physical education? You will need to apply several methods at once. Only their combination will ensure a successful solution of the task.
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