Making a bibliographic list of literature is not the most important, but very important stage in writing any scientific work. To make it true and not to make any mistakes, you need to follow a number of simple rules. Which ones? Let's find out about them, and also consider the nuances associated with the typology of the components of the bibliographic list.
Which list is called "bibliographic"
This is the name of the systematized list of literature that served as the basis for writing scientific or research work.
Its compilation is important because it is factual confirmation that the abstract, course or dissertation is based on real data. But they are not entirely the figment of the imagination of their creator, which would be appropriate for artwork, but not for scientific work.
In addition, work on a bibliographic list of references is evidence of the fundamental nature of the study by the author of the work of the issue under study. Therefore, the larger the list, the better.
Often entries in such a list are correlated with bibliographic references. However, these are slightly different concepts. References are used to indicate cited portions of publications. Bibliographic records refer to the entire book or article and are never located in the text or in the form of footnotes below. They are always collected at the end of the work in one general entitled list.
Typology of sources
When writing a certain opus, its author can draw inspiration not only from books, but also from other literature. Depending on its type, the following source options for the bibliographic list are distinguished:
- Books. It can be both the works of one author, and groups of individuals. In addition, this includes dictionaries, encyclopedias, multi-volumes, yearbooks, collections and more.
- Legislative acts.
- Electronic resources.
- Articles from periodicals.
Sourcing procedure
When making a bibliographic list, the rules require a clear sequence of placement of entries in it, according to their typology.
- The laws.
- Books.
- Articles.
- Local electronic sources (discs).
- Remote web resources.
Please note that sources in a foreign language are indicated after all Russian-speaking ones.
On what principle should the sources be located
In addition to typology, all entries in the correct bibliographic list should be systematized according to one of the following principles.
- Alphabetically. This order is most popular both on its own and in combination with others. According to this principle, the initial letters in the names of the authors are taken into account. If there are several publications of the same creator in the bibliographic list, their alphabetical systematization is based on the initial letters of the headings.
- On years. This is the so-called "chronological principle." Inherent to scientific papers on history and related disciplines. Its essence is that all records about the sources used are located by the year of their release. The purpose of this principle is to show the development of views on a particular issue under study. If in such a bibliographic list there are several books or articles dated one year - they are systematized alphabetically.
- On the subject. This method, in which all sources are arranged according to mini-lists, according to their subject. Within each such block, they are sorted alphabetically or chronologically.
- By chapter. In this case, all sources are systematized, according to the chapters of scientific work, which are written on the basis of the information contained in them.
Standards
To achieve globalization of the scientific process, uniform rules have been adopted all over the world that indicate how to organize the list of sources. They should prompt every scientist or student in the world how to draw up a bibliographic list of literature.
Based on these rules, each state creates its own standards. In the main they are one, but can vary in minor details. For example, when registering a web resource in the Russian Federation, the "Access Mode" is used. In Europe, it is being replaced with a more progressive digital object identifier (doi). Moreover, in both cases, the data indicates the location on the Internet of the source of information (website, web page).
Today, for the Russian Federation, when compiling a list of applied literature, several state standards are used.
- For the bibliographic list - GOST 7.1-2003 No. 332-Art.
- For local and remote electronic sources, GOST 7.82 - 2001 is used.
- There is also a more modern GOST R 7.0.5–2008. It is designed specifically for publishers and librarians. It also contains rules for the design of the list of references. However, they specialize not so much in compiling entries in lists as in bibliographic references.
Source List Title Options
Before you start compiling, you need to come up with a title. For any bibliographic list, GOST allows you to choose a more or less free name. But, within reason, it’s not just “Bibliography”, but something more specific. Best of all, when the title will indicate the nature of the sources contained. Three options are common.
- "List of used literature." This wording should appear in the title if the list contains only literature that was analyzed in the work or quotations were taken from it.
- "List of references and sources." If the work featured real documents, which are essentially sources.
- If the list contains all books, articles and documents (which were analyzed by its creator, but were not necessarily included in the finished work), only “literature” can appear in its title, without the word “used”.
Bibliographic list design according to GOST: basic algorithm
Depending on the type of source, the way it is recorded may vary slightly. Moreover, the basic design principle for all components of the list is one.
Schematically, it looks like this:
Writer, O.U. A book about something [Type of source] / O. W. Writer. - Where is printing: Publishing house, 2018 .-- 123 p.
Based on this example, we can understand the basic algorithm for writing links in the bibliography.
- Surname of the author, "comma" initials.
- Type of source. It happens [Tex] or [Electronic resource], "slash".
- Statement of responsibility. The initials and surname of the creator / creators, "dot", "dash" are indicated here.
- The name of the city where the book was published. If this is Moscow, it is allowed to reduce it to "M" (not Moriarty), "colon" the name of the publisher, "comma", year, "period", "dash", number of pages, "s", "period".
Sources with multiple authors
When working with scientific literature, one often encounters the fact that not one writer, but a whole team worked on the same book. Depending on their number, the way of recording this source differs.
Consider the example of the same "Book of Something" by O. W. Writer.
- If there are two or three authors, the names of the second and third are indicated only in the statement of responsibility (after the title). For example: Writer, O.U. A book about something [Text] / O. W. Writer, Z. P. The Thinker. - Whereotpechatansk: Publishing House, 2018 .-- 321 p.
- When a book has four or more authors, the title is written first, and after it information about the responsibility. Please note: when there are more than four creators, instead of the surnames of the others indicate [and others] All surnames except the first are allowed to be shortened. However, this is slightly contrary to GOST. A book about something [Text] / O. U. Writer, Z. P. The Thinker, P. Z. Delatel [et al.] - Where is the Printing: Publishing House, 2018. - 123 p.
Translation books
Quite often, one has to deal with literature translated from another language. In this case, the link should contain not only information about the author, but also about the translator and the original language.
Consider another schematic example.
Plyushkin, V. A. Bagels, as a symbol of the infinity of the Universe [Text] / V. A. Plyushkin; trans. from English N.V. Chaykina - Print-grad: Publishing House, 1998. - 456 p.
In the case of several authors, the design algorithm is similar to that specified in the previous paragraph. Just after the list of responsible persons, a "semicolon" is put and written about the person who made the transfer.
Bagels, as a symbol of the infinity of the Universe [Text] / V. A. Plyushkin, A. V. Pirozhkov, M. S. Tortikov; trans. from English N.V. Chaykina - Print-gradsk: Publishing House, 1998. - 789 p.
If more people worked on the translation, their number is reduced according to the same principle as with the authors.
Bagels, as a symbol of the infinity of the Universe [Text] / V. A. Plyushkin, A. V. Pirozhkov, M. S. Tortikov [et al.]; trans. from English N.V. Chaikin, A.P. Kofeynikov, O.V. Konyakovsky [et al.] - Print-grad: Publishing House, 1998. - 456 p.
Multi-volume editions
The methodology for designing sources consisting of several books is slightly different. The title is added data on the number of volumes and the name of this particular.
For example: Writer, O.U. Complete works in 20 vol. T. 3 Book about something [Text] / O. U. Writer. - Whereotpechatansk: Publishing House, 2018 .-- 321 p.
Recording the number of authors is regulated by the same principle as always.
Articles
The main distinguishing feature of the record of such a link is that it is similar to a bulb with its layers. The first layer contains data on the article itself, the second on the periodical in which it was published.
For example: Writer, O. W. Article about something [Text] // Entertaining periodicals. - Where is printing: Publishing house, 2018. - No. 19. - S. 12-33
If the article is translated, information about the translator is added to this "onion".
Writer, O. W. Article on Something [Text]; trans. from English N.V. Kuzkina, P.S. Voloshkevich, A. Sh. Maksimov [et al.] // Clever Journal. - Wherepechatansk: Publishing House, 2015. - No. 33. - S. 10-33
The laws
When writing down a legal act as a source, one should adhere to the following principles:
- Title [Text] or [Electronic resource]. After it is a colon.
- Information about the date of adoption of the document. After - "two slashes."
- Data on the name of the publication, year of publication. Signs "dot", "dash" and "S." (page) indication through a dash of pages on which data about the article are located.
Consider, as an example, a GOST sample for a bibliographic list, as well as others. After all, being a state standard, it also belongs to the category of regulatory documents.
Electronic resources
If, when compiling a bibliographic list, it is necessary to indicate data on information taken from their Internet, their record has some differences. Please note: you can’t just take and provide a link to a site or web page. This is a blunder.
The correct algorithm for recording an Internet source is as follows:
- Surname and initials of the author.
- The name of the article or site.
- [Electronic resource], "slash".
- Data on liability. Moreover, this can be not only the author, but also the name of the institution on whose website the article was published.
- Information about the date of publication (if you can install them).
- "Access mode", it’s the same URL, it’s the same email address.
- Date of appeal: day, "dot", month "dot", year, "dot". The day the information from the source was read by the user is indicated. Since over time, it can change, like the site itself.
For example, there is a certain article devoted to the recently deceased cult illustrator "Marvel" - Wall Lee. On her example, we consider how to draw up a source:
Landar E. Remembering Stan Lee: fans create touching art in honor of their idol [Electronic resource]. Access mode: http://kakoitosait.ru/post/photography/2018/11/18/35411 (Date of access: 11/23/2018)
In addition to remote sources, there are local (drives). Recording them as a link is much closer to a book.
For example: Writer, O.U. Book about something [Electronic resource] / O. U. Writer. - Electronic data. - Wherepechatansk: Publishing House, 2016. - CD
Examples
In conclusion, we consider a few examples of how to properly compile a list of sources used.
And this is an example of a bibliographic list. You can also familiarize yourself with its design.
And one more. Follow all the rules, and then you will have no problems. The main thing is to maintain consistency.
Having familiarized yourself with how to compile a bibliographic list, start trying to do it yourself and believe: you will succeed!