There are many units in the Russian language, but the most important of them is a sentence, because it is precisely it that is a communicative unit. We communicate with each other through offers.
Sentence
This unit of language is built on a specific grammatical pattern. What does the offer consist of? Of course, from the words. But words in sentences lose their linguistic essence, they become syntactic components of one whole, turn into members of a sentence, grammatically related to its other components.
The members of the proposal are divided into main and secondary. Without major members, a proposal cannot exist. And what the basis of the sentence consists of is called subject and predicate.
Subject
Being the main member, the subject calls the subject of speech. If each statement contains a fragment of the world, then the subject calls the phenomenon with which something is happening, which is doing something or has some signs. This member is the most important among all that the proposal consists of.
The subject can be expressed by any part of the speech, if it answers the question: what is in the world? who is in the world?
For instance:
What is in the world? Summer. June Heat.
Who is in the world? Butterflies
In these one-part noun sentences, the speaker reports the presence in the world of the phenomena called subject. It happens that this is enough for the message.
But more often than not, the subject in the sentence is connected with the predicate.
Predicate
Being the second component of what the grammatical basis of the sentence consists of, the predicate performs the following functions:
- Designates the action of an item named subject (Snow melted).
- Indicates the action of an item that is experiencing an item named subject (Roofs are strewn with snow).
- Names the attribute that an item named subject has (Day was warm).
Usually the predicate is expressed by the verb. If it is expressed by a single verb in the form of any mood, then it has the name "simple verb predicate". In the case when it consists of two verbs, one of which is an infinitive, we are talking about a compound verb predicate. And if in the predicate there is another part of speech - not a verb, then the predicate is a composite non-verb.
Coordination
So, the main members are what the proposal should consist of. Special relations are established between them, which are commonly called coordination in the scientific world. This is a type of connection in which the subject and predicate are put in the same form of number, gender, case.
Examples of proposals with coordinated key members:
- Snow has fallen.
- Father is a doctor.
- The night is dark.
- The kids are funny.
- A walk is scheduled.
- Games are held in the air.
Sometimes coordination between the subject and the predicate is impossible:
- Dumplings - hot cakes.
- Military man in an overcoat.
- The main task of the commander is to study the enemy.
- Eating from a soldier's cauldron was not considered shameful.
Minor Proposal Members
Other components of what the proposal consists of are minor members. They are in subordinate relation to the main members or to each other and serve to determine, clarify, supplement their meanings.
They are called secondary because without them a proposal can exist. But it would not be a complete reflection of the entire diversity of the world if there were no secondary members in it. Compare, for example:
- Snowdrops appeared (without minor members - an unapproved offer).
- In the spring , snowdrops appeared (the circumstance of time expands the world reflected in the proposal).
- In the spring, the long-awaited snowdrops appeared (the definition expresses a person’s attitude to a fragment of the world).
- In the spring, the long-awaited snowdrops appeared - precursors of heat (the application helps to feel the joy of anticipation of what will happen after the snowdrops appear).
- In the spring, the long-awaited snowdrops appeared on the thawings - the harbingers of heat (the addition allows you to see a more accurate picture of the world).
Definition
One of the secondary members is definition. It refers to a member of a sentence that has an objective meaning. Answers what questions? whose? and their case forms. It is consistent and inconsistent. Agreed definitions are of the same kind, number and case, as the word being defined, and inconsistent ones do not change when the main word is changed.
- Agreed definitions: My big barking dog, my big barking dog, my big barking animal.
- Inconsistent definition: Dog with a collar , a dog with a collar , an animal with a collar .
Addition
One of the components of what the sentence in Russian consists of is the supplement. Such a minor term denotes an object in relation to which an action is performed or a sign is manifested. In addition, questions of indirect cases are raised . It refers to words with an action value:
- filled with water;
- filled with water;
- filled with water;
- filling with water.
According to grammatical characteristics, the complement can be direct or indirect. The direct object is connected with the transitive verb without a preposition in the accusative case:
- I see (whom? what?) landscape;
- I photograph (whom? what?) landscape;
- I draw (whom? what?) landscape.
Indirect addition is expressed by all other forms of the noun, except for the accusative case without a preposition.
- admired (what?) the landscape;
- the beauty (what?) of the landscape;
- thought (what?) of the landscape.
Circumstance
Circumstances are another part of what the proposal consists of. It characterizes the method, place, time, cause, purpose, condition and other features of the action, condition or sign.
The circumstance answers different questions depending on which side of the action it characterizes:
- In the forest (where?) Everything was colored in autumn.
- Everything was painted (how?) In the autumn.
- Coloring (when?) In September all around.
- Beautifully (to what extent?) Very around.
Very often, circumstantial values can be combined with an additional value:
- I rested (where? What?) In the village.
- We spent money (why? For what?) On the purchase.
- Misha was late (why? Because of whom?) Because of a friend.
Simple sentence
A simple sentence reflects one piece of the world. For example: Autumn came suddenly.
In this sentence, one subject and one action are named: autumn has come.
One grammatical basis is what a simple sentence consists of.
The picture drawn in a simple sentence should be one. Although it happens that the subject or predicate can make up a number of homogeneous members :
- Autumn and frost came suddenly.
- Autumn came and took over the world suddenly.
Despite the fact that in these sentences there are several subjects (autumn and frosts) or several predicates (came and took possession of), the basis of the sentences remains one, because the picture of the world is not fragmented into several fragments.
A simple sentence can consist of one main member. Such sentences are called monolithic. In them, the absence of the second main term is explained by its redundancy. For example, in all sentence sentences, the general meaning of the predicate is the presence in the world of what is called the subject. Thus, words with the meaning of the presence of a phenomenon in the world become redundant:
- Here is my house.
- This is our village.
- Night.
- Silence.
- What peace!
In one-part definite personal sentences, the predicate is expressed in the form of first and second person verbs. The personal endings of verbs serve as an indication of the person: I, you, we, you. For this reason, the subject, which must be expressed by one of these pronouns, becomes redundant for understanding the meaning of the sentence. For instance:
- I will go out into the field, look at the seedlings.
- Come with me?
- We are going in an hour in the lobby.
- Get out without delay.
In one-part indefinite personal sentences, the predicate is expressed in verbs in the form of nast. third-party time multip. numbers or past time multip. numbers. In such sentences, the value of redundancy of the indication of the subject of the action is expressed - it does not matter who did it, it is important that it is done:
- In the gardens still harvested.
- In the orchards pick apples.
- On the field harvested bread.
- Somewhere they sing.
- They will go weeding tomorrow.
Impersonal sentences reflect a world in which something happens without an actor. Therefore, the subject in such a proposal is not just redundant, it cannot be used. As a predicate, verbs in the form of the present tense are most often used only. the number of the third party or past tense is unique. numbers avg. gender and state category words.
- It is getting light.
- It got dark.
- I feel stuffy.
- He is unwell.
Difficult sentence
If a simple sentence has one grammatical basis, then several bases are what the compound sentence consists of. Consequently, the complex sentence reflects several fragments of the surrounding world: Autumn came suddenly, and green trees stood under snow caps.
The sentence has two subjects of speech: autumn and trees. Each of them has a word that designates its action: autumn has come, trees have stood.
Parts of a complex sentence can be connected in various ways: all-union or allied communication. Allied sentences can be complex or complex. The best structure of complex sentences reflect the scheme. The brackets and symbols of the subject and predicate are what the sentence diagram consists of. Do-it-yourself sentences are indicated by square brackets.
[- =], [- =].
[- =], and [- =].
Complicated sentences consist of the main and subordinate clauses, the main thing is indicated by square brackets, and the subordinate clause - round.
[- =], (when - =).
(if- =), [- =].
Examples of complex sentences :
- The trees smelled of resinous aroma, and the breeze carried it far into the steppe. (allied, compound).
- Birches stood at the pond, which reflected them in its depths against the background of blue sky and white clouds (allied compound).
- Silence reigned around: the squeak of a mosquito was heard distinctly and loudly (no-union).