Once in favorable conditions (optimal thermal conditions, environment, humidity, the presence of food "addictions"), all microorganisms begin to actively grow and multiply. This is the law of nature. If similar processes occur in the human body, under the influence of changes in microflora, a disease or any pathology develops. It is possible to determine the pathogen, its quantity, type and how it reacts to medications by making bacteriosis on the microflora.
Other innovative diagnostic tests may not always be able to accurately identify bacteria, producing false positive or false negative results. These include polymerase chain reaction, enzyme immunoassay and other methods.
Microorganism Growth Conditions
Each type of bacteria requires individual living conditions: a certain level of acidity, humidity, viscosity, osmotic properties. In laboratory conditions, in order to determine the causative agent of the disease, it is sown on certain media, given the characteristics of respiration, nutrition and reproduction of microorganisms.
There are environments on which several different types of bacteria can multiply and grow. Such living conditions are called universal (Saburo environment, thioglycolic). Others are designed for only one strain (for example, staphylococcus and streptococcus are sown on saline or blood agar).
The purpose and significance of diagnosis
Microorganisms that enter the mucous membranes and human skin can be divided into the following groups:
- Normal microflora - those bacteria that are permanent safe residents. Without them, the human body cannot function correctly, since representatives of normal microflora participate in the processes of digesting food, synthesizing vitamins and enzymes. An insufficient number of microorganisms leads to the development of dysbiosis or bacterial vaginosis.
- Conditionally pathogenic microorganisms - these strains are safe for humans only in case of strong immunity. If their living conditions change, the bacteria begin to grow and multiply actively, causing a pathology or disease.
- Pathogenic (pathogenic) microorganisms - they do not live in a healthy body. In case of accidental infection cause the development of the disease, even death.
Bakseeding on microflora and sensitivity to antibiotics plays a major role in the identification of bacteria, their strain, and species. This method is important for the diagnosis of infectious diseases and sexually transmitted diseases.
Indications for
Bakseeding on microflora as an independent analysis is not carried out. It is prescribed by a doctor in cases where there is a suspicion of a pathogenic pathogen entering the patient's body or activating the growth and reproduction of opportunistic bacteria.
The following diagnostic measures are carried out:
- urogenital back sowing;
- back sowing from nose, ear, pharynx, eyes;
- back sowing on microflora from a wound;
- Bakseeding urine, milk, bile, sperm, feces;
- Bakseeding on staphylococcus, mycoplasma, ureaplasma and other pathogens.
How to decrypt results
After receiving the results, I want to immediately get acquainted with them. The following is indicated on the laboratory form:
- Type of pathogen in Latin. Translation of names, as a rule, causes the greatest difficulty for curious readers. After reviewing the results, the doctor will tell you more about the type of pathogen and the features of its reproduction.
- Quantitative indicators of the growth of the microorganism. In most cases, colony forming units of cells per 1 ml of material are used. For example, bacteriosis on microflora and sensitivity to urinary antibiotics at normal values should contain up to 10 3 CFU / ml. Results with high indicators may be dubious or indicate the presence of an inflammatory process.
- Clarification of the pathogenicity of the strain. This paragraph indicates whether the microorganism is pathogenic or conditionally pathogenic, living on the mucous membranes of the human body.
Determination of pathogen sensitivity
In the case of determining a strain of a pathogenic microorganism, it is sown in laboratory conditions on media with antibiotics. On those environments where growth will be the smallest or negative, experts make notes in the result form. These antibacterial agents are considered the most effective when choosing a treatment for the inflammatory process.
Since bacterial inoculation on the microflora is a rather lengthy process (up to 7 days), drugs with a wide spectrum of action are primarily prescribed. Most microorganisms are resistant to a particular medication, which means that a weekly intake can be not only ineffective, but can also significantly affect the patient’s pocket.
An antibioticogram, the decoding of which also requires the participation of a specialist, will allow you to choose the only effective remedy. The following shall be indicated in the laboratory form:
- strain and type of pathogen, its amount in CFU / ml;
- names of antibacterial drugs indicating sensitivity (R, S, I) and zone.
An antibioticogram (decoding of Latin letters) indicates the following:
- R - pathogen resistant to the drug;
- I - the microorganism exhibits moderate resistance;
- S - a bacterium sensitive to this antibiotic.
Preparing for sampling
Any biological fluids and smears taken from the mucous membranes can serve as material for diagnosis. More often, a smear for bacterial sowing is prescribed by specialists in the field of urology and gynecology. In order to get the right results, you need to properly prepare for the collection of material.
If the sowing is carried out on the basis of the patient’s blood, then special preparation is not required. The only condition is the delivery of an analysis on an empty stomach. The paramedic takes venous blood, observing all the necessary rules of asepsis and antiseptics.
The conditions for urine delivery are slightly different. In a healthy person, it is in the bladder in the form of a sterile biological fluid. When urine passes through the female urethra, a small amount of cocci can get into the material, which is taken into account during the diagnosis and is considered the norm (staphylococcus and streptococcus, diphtheroids). In men, the supply of urine with bacteria occurs in the front of the urethra.
To reduce the possibility of ingestion of other pathogenic microorganisms, the following rules should be followed:
- genital pre-toilet;
- use of an average portion of urine;
- delivery to the laboratory within 2 hours after collecting the material;
- The test jar must be sterilized or purchased at the pharmacy.
If the material for back sowing is taken from the rectum, urethra, vagina, cervical canal, then this happens in private laboratories or medical institutions. It is forbidden to wash, douche and use antiseptics, as this will distort the correctness of the diagnosis.
Fecal stool
The intestinal tract has permanent "residents" who are involved in digestion, the synthesis of vitamins and enzymes. The ratio of bacteria is constant and may fluctuate slightly in one direction or another.
With a decrease in immune forces, pathogens or prolonged use of antibiotics, a violation of the normal ratio occurs. The number of lactobacilli and bifidobacteria sharply decreases, and their place can be occupied by pathogenic strains of E. coli, Proteus, Clostridia, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, yeast fungi, etc.
Feces for diagnosis are collected in a sterile transport container. The sowing result is ready from 3 to 7 days.
Crops during pregnancy
During the bearing of a child, sowing is a mandatory diagnostic method and it is carried out twice: during registration and at 36 weeks. A smear is taken from the genital tract, as well as the nose and throat. Thus, the presence of urogenital inflammatory processes and the carriage of Staphylococcus aureus are determined. Also, pregnant women give urine for inoculation on sterility.
The trouble that can be detected is E. coli in a smear in women. Treatment for this condition should be immediate. This is especially true for pregnant women, because the presence of pathogenic microflora can lead to infection of the baby during passage through the birth canal. If Escherichia coli is found in a smear in women, the treatment is prescribed by a gynecologist. A combination of local therapy and systemic drugs is used.
Chlamydia, fungi, mycoplasmas, ureaplasmas, trichomonads become objects of searches during the period of bearing a child.
Conclusion
Bakseeding with an antibioticogram is an indicative diagnostic method that allows you to correctly differentiate the pathogen and effectively select a treatment regimen. All methods of material collection are safe and painless.