Large engineering plants in Russia

Russia is an industrial country with a long history of industrial development. Accordingly, Russian engineering plants play a leading role in the country's economy. In the total industrial production, the share of engineering products ranges from 20%. This is a good global average level, however, it must be increased, because in a number of industrialized countries this indicator is close to 40% or more.

Place of industry in Russian industry

Russian engineering in the structure of the national economy disputes the first place with the fuel industry and significantly exceeds other sectors of the national economy. After the collapse of the USSR, its share in the “common piggy bank” from 28% (1990) slipped to 16% (1995), but then a smooth recovery began. By the beginning of the XXI century, indicators increased to 19%, and by 2015 - up to 22%.

In 2013, machine-building plants in Russia earned $ 190 billion (6 trillion rubles). In total, 19 industrial complexes, more than one hundred sub-sectors and individual industries operate in the Russian Federation. More than 40,000 enterprises of all levels and various forms of ownership (of which 2,000 are large) are involved in mechanical engineering, which makes up one third of the total number of industrial enterprises. The industry employs 1/3 of the total working population: more than 4.5 million people (3.5 million of which are workers). A large number of workers determines the social importance of the industry in ensuring employment.

History reference

The peoples in Russia have been engaged in metal processing since time immemorial. Ancient settlements were discovered in the Urals, where metal was smelted and various products made from it more than 6000 years ago. In Kievan Rus already in the X century there were large workshops that made complex products. In the XII century, our ancestors mastered turning and milling machines. However, the first engineering plants in Russia appeared in the 16th century. They were associated with weapons and located in Tula. Production was based on local iron ore, but was small, disparate and unsystematic.

Revolutionary changes in the industry occurred under Peter I, who led an active expansionary policy. His army needed more modern weapons, ammunition, equipment. With the discovery of large deposits of iron ore in the Urals, machine-building enterprises, mainly weapons ones, were also created there.

Industry locomotives

The breadth of the spectrum of manufactured products leads to the fact that many large machine-building plants in Russia, being exclusive manufacturers of certain types of products, at the same time have relatively small sales in monetary terms. In terms of sales, only AvtoVAZ OJSC, Sukhoi AHK, GAZ OJSC, SOK Group and KAMAZ OJSC are comparable with the largest Russian companies in the fuel industry, metallurgy and petrochemicals.

The leading companies are mainly automotive enterprises (civil engineering sub-sectors with the largest share in the structure of machine-building output) and defense industry, and the total number of large machine-building industries (with an annual turnover of more than 5 billion rubles) is relatively small.

Holdings and FIG

In recent years, machine-building in Russia has embarked on the path of forming holdings and financial-industrial groups (FIGs). At the same time, there is a further development of engineering companies and holdings created in previous years (United Engineering Works, Power Engineering Corporation, “New Programs and Concepts” and others), and the formation of new groups created on the basis of capital earned in other industries. The most noticeable expansion in the engineering industry of metallurgical companies, which resulted in the formation in the automotive industry of the powerful FPG RusPromAvto and the group of automotive enterprises Severstal. As a result, one or several large companies (groups) that occupy a dominant position in them have formed in most sub-sectors.

The largest engineering plants in Russia

The list of enterprises with more than 12,000 employees was reduced by an order of magnitude (from 120 to several dozen). TOP-10 companies in the number of people working for them over the past decade has undergone dramatic changes. A number of factories actually went bankrupt; others significantly reduced personnel. For example, we give a comparative table of the engineering giants at the peak of their development today.

A more detailed list of large operating companies by region is as follows.

Central Federal District

High-tech enterprises of the military-industrial complex are concentrated in the west of Russia (in particular, aircraft and rocket engineering, air defense and radar systems, firearms, wheeled vehicles), the space industry, and a wide range of diesel engines, railway equipment, machine tools and equipment are produced. In the Kaluga region there is a whole cluster of auto enterprises of foreign manufacturers. Meanwhile, the domestic auto giants AZLK and ZIL have lost their former greatness.

• East Kazakhstan Oblast Almaz-Antey enterprises (total number of employees of the concern is 98,000). It includes Avangard Moscow Machine-Building Plant (production of anti-aircraft missiles), Dolgoprudnensky Research and Production Enterprise (anti-aircraft missile systems), NPO LEMZ (radar stations), Moscow Radio Engineering Plant (radio equipment) and others.
• GKNPC them. M.V. Khrunicheva (43500 people, Moscow) is a leading enterprise in the rocket and space industry. Designs and manufactures launch vehicles Proton, Angara.
• Moscow Engineering Plant Znamya Truda and RSK MiG (14,500 people, Moscow) - release of MiG fighters.
• Automobile plants of foreign companies: Renault Russia (Avtoframos, 2300 people, Moscow), PSMA Rus (PSA Peugeot Citroen and Mitsubishi, Kaluga Region), Volkswagen Group Rus (Kaluga Region), Volvo East "(Kaluga region) and others.
• RSC Energia (Korolev) is the world's leading rocket and space enterprise.
• VPK “NPO mashinostroyeniya” (18000 people, Reutov) - rocket and space technology.
• MZ ZiO-Podolsk (4700 people) - equipment for nuclear power plants and thermal power plants.
• Kolomensky Zavod (6400 people) - diesel locomotives, electric locomotives, diesel equipment.
• Bryansk Engineering Plant (6800 people) - diesel locomotives, wagons.
• Avtodizel (Yaroslavl Automobile Plant) - engine production.

Northwest Federal District

The largest machine-building plants in Russia are concentrated in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region. Local shipyards occupy leading positions in the construction of military and civilian ships. Among the domestic flagships, the Kirov Tractor Plant stands out with its giant workshop sizes (200 hectares in the city center), the main income of which was the rental of premises, rather than the production of specialized products. In the neighborhood, in Vsevolozhsk, a large Ford plant operates. Another engineering center of the region is the city of Severodvinsk, where submarines are being built.

• Sevmash (25,000 people, Severodvinsk) - construction of submarines.
• Petersburg shipyards: Admiralty Shipyards (the first enterprise in the city, 8000 people), Baltic Shipyard (4000 people), Severnaya Verf (3500 people), Sredne-Nevsky (about 1000 people) .
• Production of equipment for the energy sector: Leningrad Metal Plant (celebrates its 160th anniversary in 2017, produces turbines), Electrosila (generators), Izhora Plants (equipment for nuclear power plants, excavators).
• Car companies Ford, Toyota, Nissan, Hyundai, General Motors, MAN, Scania.
• LOMO (Petersburg) - optical instruments.
• Kirov Tractor Plant (8000 people) - production of Kirovets tractors, various equipment.

Southern FD

The main driving force of mechanical engineering in the region is the production of agricultural machinery and equipment for the energy sector. The major automobile manufacturer TagAZ and Volgograd Tractor Plant are declared bankrupt.

• The machine-building enterprise "Rostselmash" (10,000 people, Rostov-on-Don) - the production of combines "Don" and other agricultural equipment.
• Krasny Kotelshchik (4400 people, Taganrog) is a major manufacturer of boiler equipment.
• Atommash (Volgodonsk) is a leading supplier of equipment for nuclear power plants and thermal power plants.
• Barricades Production Association (3300 people, Volgograd) is a diversified enterprise (artillery, missile systems, equipment for nuclear power plants and the oil and gas sector).

Volga Federal District

The region has well-known machine-building plants in Russia: AvtoVAZ, GAZ, Tyazhmash, KamAZ, UAZ, Kalashnikov and others. The range of products is extensive: from bearings (1/4 of the domestic market) to unique equipment for the energy sector, from cars to airplanes.

• AvtoVAZ (52,000 people, Togliatti) is the flagship in terms of the number of cars produced.
• Tyazhmash (7000 people, Syzran) - equipment for heavy industry.
• Automobile plants of the GAZ Group: Gorky Automobile Plant (small and medium-tonnage trucks, military equipment, cars), Pavlovsky Bus (PAZ), Ulyanovsk Motor Plant and others.
• KamAZ (Naberezhnye Chelny) is a leading manufacturer of domestic trucks.
• The weapons factories of Izhevsk: Kalashnikov (formerly Izhmash, 4,500 people), Izhevsk Mechanical Plant (7,000 people).
• Bashkiria's aviation industry: UMPO (21,000 people, UFA) - aircraft engines, UPPO (Ufa) - aircraft instruments, KumAPP (Kumertau) - production and repair of helicopters of the KA series.
• Perm engine-building complex (12,000 people) - rocket and aircraft engines.
• Motovilikhinsky plants (7000 people, Perm) - weapons.
• UAZ (Ulyanovsk) - SUVs and minibuses.
• Aviastar-SP (10,000 people, Ulyanovsk) is the largest aircraft building plant (aircraft of the Tu, An, Il models).

Ural FD

It is no coincidence that the Urals are called the heart of Russia's industry. The presence of rich mineral deposits and an important strategic location became prerequisites for the deployment of large industrial enterprises here, mainly related to metal processing and the defense complex. The most powerful centers of mechanical engineering are Yekaterinburg and Nizhny Tagil.

• Uralvagonzavod (27,000 people, Nizhny Tagil) is one of the flagships of domestic engineering. It produces a wide range of products: from freight cars to tanks. Uraltransmash branch (Yekaterinburg) produces self-propelled gun mounts and trams.
• Uralmash (14,000 people, Yekaterinburg) is a leader in the production of drilling, mining, and metallurgical equipment.
• ZiK (Yekaterinburg) - anti-aircraft missile systems, municipal vehicles.
• Chelyabinsk Tractor Plant (13,000 people) - tractors, road construction equipment, engines for them.
• Ural Automobile Plant (13500 people, Miass) - trucks.
• "Kurganmashzavod" (4800 people, Kurgan) - military equipment (infantry fighting vehicles, tractors).
• Zlatoust engineering plant - rocket technology.

Siberian FD

Engineering production is focused on the military-industrial complex, aircraft manufacturing and the production of equipment for mining. Many base enterprises go bankrupt or close to this. The industry in this region needs modernization and support.

• Aerospace enterprises: NAPO them. V.P. Chkalova (6000 people, Novosibirsk) - production of Sukhoi aircraft; PO Polet (4500 people, Omsk) - An airplanes, GLONAS satellites, space rocket technology; Ulan-Ude Aviation Plant (6000 people) is one of the largest manufacturers of aircraft: Mi helicopters and Su planes; Irkutsk Aviation Plant - Su, Yak, MS aircraft, components for Airbus; “Information satellite systems” (8000 people, Zheleznogorsk) - satellites for various purposes and communication systems.
• Tyazhstankohydropress (Novosibirsk) is a leading manufacturer of hydraulic presses, machine tools, and pumps.
• Radio plant them. A. S. Popova (Omsk) - radio engineering and communication systems.
• Altayvagon (7000 people, Novoaltaysk) - production of wagons.
• Machine-building enterprise LVRZ (6000 people, Ulan-Ude) - production and repair of locomotives and electric trains.

Far Eastern Federal District

Represented by individual large enterprises:

• KnAAZ them. Gagarina (13500 people, Komsomolsk-on-Amur) is the country's leading airline. Military (Su family, PAK FA) and civilian (Sukhoi Superjet) aircraft, components for the Boeing, are produced.
• Shipbuilding and ship repairing enterprises: Amur Shipbuilding Plant (Komsomolsk-on-Amur) - nuclear submarines were previously produced, now military and civilian ships; Dalzavod (Vladivostok); Seaside factory (Nakhodka), Nakhodka Shipyard.

Output

Russian engineering is going through hard times. Despite the rather powerful industrial potential, most of the flagships reduced production, many frankly survive. The industry urgently needs reform, modernization of machine tools and equipment, a new approach to management. Meanwhile, new highly efficient enterprises are being built, mainly medium and small ones. The second wind was given to factories for the production of military products. Foreign partners, especially car makers, show great interest. With comprehensive state support and a private initiative, engineering can make a much greater contribution to the country's economy.