When considering the concept and types of crimes, it should be noted that all other categories of criminal law are directly related to them. Indeed, this concept is the most important component and key category of the Criminal Code.
A crime is a committed socially dangerous act, behavior that is prohibited by applicable law and is under threat of punishment. Crime behavior is behavior that causes significant harm, disrupts relationships in society. All offenses are grouped according to the encroachment of a criminal offense according to the object of the crime. As a result of this, certain types of crimes are distinguished and their general classification is built.
According to article 15 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation , four categories of crimes are distinguished, which depend on the nature and degree of the committed act - of light gravity, moderate gravity, grave and especially grave. Based on this, and distinguish the main types of crimes.
The crime is characterized by a number of common signs: danger threatening the public, criminal wrongfulness, guilt and punishment of the committed act. The presence of all of them characterizes an unlawful act as a crime.
Types of crimes:
- against a person’s life and posing a threat to his health - murder, intentional harm to another person;
- against honor, dignity and personal freedom - slander, insult;
- crimes against sexual integrity and sexual freedom of the person - rape, violence;
- against the freedoms of man and his constitutional rights - violation of equality, privacy of correspondence, labor protection, patent rights;
- against minors - involvement in the offense, substitution, sale, purchase of a child, evasion of child support;
- against own property - theft, fraud, robbery, extortion, robbery;
- economic crimes - illegal business, obtaining credit by fraud, false advertising, smuggling, tax evasion ;
- against the security of society - terrorism, banditry, riots, hooliganism, vandalism, theft;
- against morality and public health - everything that relates in any way to narcotic drugs (sale, use, acquisition), maintenance of dens;
- environmental crimes - pollution of the atmosphere, water, sea and land, illegal hunting, tree felling, destruction and damage to forests, etc .;
- against the operation of transport and traffic safety - violation of traffic rules, which involved the death of people or causing bodily harm, the release of faulty means;
- against state security and the constitutional system - high treason, terrorist act, espionage, sabotage, etc .;
- against state power and service - abuse of authority, misappropriation of authority, bribery;
- against justice - contempt of court, false testimony, unwillingness to testify, jailbreak, harboring of a criminal;
- war crimes - failure to fulfill an order, violation of the charter, desertion, evasion of duty;
- against world peace and the security of mankind - war planning, calls for war, production and distribution of weapons, genocide, ecocide, mercenaries.
Types of crime objects are classified horizontally and vertically.
The crime vertically distinguishes the common ordinary and immediate objects of the offense. They correspond to the categories of general, special and singular.
Horizontal classification refers primarily to complex crimes, which include two or more objects. In this case, the main and additional objects of unlawful action are distinguished . This distinction is made by its relationship with the generic object of the criminal act, and not by the level of significance of the object. Additional object may be obligatory or optional.