New educational standards are introduced not only in educational institutions, but also in kindergartens. A graduate of a preschool educational institution must have certain skills:
- solve personal and intellectual tasks corresponding to his age;
- use the acquired knowledge to pose new problems and solve them.
Features of problem-based learning
The method of problem situations involves training, the basis of which is the acquisition of knowledge by solving practical and theoretical problems. A kindergarten teacher using a similar technique develops the ability of his pupils to set a goal on their own, to look for ways to achieve it, to analyze the result. Let us analyze the various methods of creating a problem situation, with the help of which preschoolers learn to independently seek information, use knowledge in everyday life.
What is the purpose of problematic learning
Solving problem situations contributes to the formation of creative abilities of students, develops their independence. It is important to understand that such training involves the establishment of a close relationship between adults and children. Creating a problematic situation - the tasks of the educator. Together with the children, he must go through a complex chain, the beginning of which will be a simple observation, and the result - an active part in solving the problem. Thanks to the new knowledge gained in the course of such a joint work, the child learns new characteristics of the studied object, learns to pose questions, and look for answers to them.
Features of problem-based learning
A serious reform of education is taking place in Russia, new methods and forms of teaching preschoolers are emerging. Preschool institutions of new types are being created in the country, aimed at the formation of morality, intellectual abilities of children of primary school age. Essential attention is paid in preschool education to the gradual formation of mental actions, the ability to solve problem situations, and the tasks set by the teacher.
Relevance of training
Such training differs from the traditional preparation of preschool children by cognitive activity. Preschoolers get skills of self-education, self-learning, which will be useful to them in school life. A qualitative analysis of a problem situation is a way of gaining new life experience.
History of problem technology
The history of the application of problem education is rooted in the deep past. In the writings of I. G. Pestalozzi, J.-J. Rousseau proposed "active teaching methods." A problem situation is a way of gaining new experience, stimulating children's own activity. At the beginning of the 20th century, American teacher J. Dewey developed the concept of problem-based learning. He suggested replacing the traditional version of teaching preschoolers and primary schoolchildren with independent teaching by solving various practical problems. As a result of numerous experiments conducted by Dewey, he was convinced that problem situations for preschoolers provide much more opportunities than verbal (book, verbal) training associated with simply memorizing material. It is Dewey that modern pedagogy owes the emergence of the concept of a “complete act of thinking." Active training, proposed at the beginning of the last century, in Russia "stuck" only with the introduction of new educational standards.
Examples of problem situations for preschoolers
Let us give an example of a problem situation for preschoolers. Children are offered cubes of various shapes and sizes from which they must build a house. Having received the assignment, the children must first think through their plan of action, pick up cubes in shape and size so that the construction of the house turns out to be stable. If children miss these points, they will not be able to cope with the task that the teacher set for them. During joint activities, children learn to communicate, a sense of collectivism is formed.
The essence of problem education for preschoolers
Such training has varieties, depending on how the problem is posed by the teacher. The problem situation is aimed at personalizing knowledge, creative development of preschoolers. In kindergartens, role-playing games are widely developed, which imply precisely problem education. Trying on the profession of a doctor, the child learns to communicate with "patients". Such experience will help him in choosing a future profession, will be an excellent incentive for acquiring new knowledge. Being in a preschool educational institution, the child learns to overcome intellectual difficulties, for him a problem situation is a great opportunity to prove himself. It is the problem that prompts the preschooler to think, teaches him to choose from the large amount of information only that which he will need to get out of this situation. The contradictions that are inherent in this technique will be the main mechanism for enhancing the cognitive activity of future first graders.
Recommendations for conducting classes in DO
Any problematic situation is an unusual environment for a child. The search for the best way to solve the problem depends on the creative potential of the educator. Problematic learning involves the organization through the game of creative and research activities of preschoolers. Using a variety of methods for the formation of cognitive activity among his pupils, the teacher primarily affects the emotional-volitional sphere of children. The teacher makes sure that when acquiring new knowledge, children experience a sense of satisfaction, pleasure, joy. The problematic situation created by the educator is an opportunity to arouse a feeling of admiration, inability, surprise in children.
Creativity, creative independence of a preschooler, flexibility, heuristic thinking are signs of ability and desire to create, compose, invent, invent new images.
When working on a project, the child receives pleasure from his activities, experiences positive emotions. Only in this case it will be possible to talk about the full development of the creative potential of the preschooler, the formation of a harmonious personality.
How to create problem situations
Contradiction is the connecting link of problem-based learning, and therefore it is important to correctly raise the question for the child. Most often, the children themselves ask questions that are completely different in structure: “Why does the fur coat not warm?”; "Why does a plant drink water, but it does not flow from it?"; "Why does a domestic chicken have wings, but it does not fly away?"; "Why is the earth round?" The problems that the children put forward, the teacher writes down or remembers, and in the classroom addresses them to the whole group. The teacher should direct the children to find the answer to the question, pay attention to the contradiction so that the correct decision is recorded in the child’s mind. The teacher deliberately formulates contradictions between the scientific facts that are known to the child and life situations.
Case Studies
By studying the properties of water, children learn that 80 percent of people and animals are made up of water. To create a problem situation, the teacher asks: “Why is our body not liquid, because we have so much water?” Together with the teacher, the guys look for the answer and come to the conclusion that water is inside the body, and therefore does not follow from the person. The teacher in the search for the answer to the question hears all the arguments of the children, encourages them for their activity, an attempt to show their knowledge. After all the guys offer their answers, a common solution is jointly chosen.
To find the right answer, you can conduct an experiment. Children, together with the teacher (or parents), rub carrots, beets, potatoes, squeeze juice, then compare the amount of fluid received. A small study conducted by future scientists will be a real discovery for children. Having created a problem situation, the educator forces his wards to receive knowledge, develop, and improve themselves.
Fancy postcards
A problematic situation can also be created in physical education classes. The lesson "Greeting Cards for Piglet" can be held in a playful way. The teacher turns to the children with a request to help pick up a gift for Piglet. In the cartoon about Winnie the Pooh, we are talking about a gift for a donkey, so the question of what to give Piglet at first seems strange to children. The guys offer different items that could be given to Piglet. Ordinary gymnastics can be turned into a fascinating workshop in which every child will be busy making unusual postcards for the cartoon character. You need not only to come up with a postcard, but also to find all the details for it. For starters, the guys fill their magic boxes (boxes for work). Certain details are added to each section of the box: circles, flowers, leaves. Together with the teacher, the children cast a magic spell, the words of which the teacher himself invents. And only after such an unusual ritual, the guys begin to create greeting cards for the fabulous Piglet. Each child receives at the end of their work their individual cards, finished products can be hung out on a special stand.
The Importance of Problem Learning
Any problematic situation proposed by the teacher inspires preschoolers, helps to awaken and form cognitive activity, to develop creative potential. The hypothesis that the teacher puts forward at the beginning of the lesson is also a variant of problem-based learning.
Conclusion
When introducing children to the world around them, problematic learning is a priority. If it is necessary to solve a specific problem, the child concentrates his attention, memory, develops, he adapts much more quickly to everyday life. With the independent formulation of the hypothesis, preschoolers learn to set goals for the lesson, to look for options and forms of research. When creating any problem situations, adults deliberately encourage children to put forward hypotheses, teach them to formulate conclusions. The child is not afraid to make a mistake, because he is sure that his initiative will not be punished, but, on the contrary, every statement of the child will be necessarily encouraged by the teacher.
Solving problems on their own without fear of mistakes is the ultimate goal of problem preschool education. The modern educational reform in our country is undergoing major changes, and the introduction of new federal educational standards is primarily associated with the implementation of a problematic teaching method in preschool institutions. There are also the first positive results of such a reform, confirming the importance and timeliness of the GEF. Children who know how to plan their activities, to summarize the results of their work will not experience special problems during their studies in educational institutions.