The Russian language is incredibly rich and colorful. With it, you can convey complex ideas, emotions and images. The most powerful language tools for a detailed and informative description of being undoubtedly include consistent and inconsistent definitions. Examples of their use are found everywhere in speech and writing.
Despite the fact that definitions are secondary members of a sentence, they often play a primary role, becoming carriers of the main meaning. In addition, without them, the language becomes poorer, it becomes drier. Paints, sounds, smells, forms, and other signs of all kinds of objects and events that describe the agreed and inconsistent definitions so well go out of it.
Example: "A girl ran out of the house and looked at the meadow." The proposal quite accurately conveys the event, but there is a clear lack of information in it. Definitions transform the sentence, fill it with colorful details that help the reader imagine the picture more fully, brighter. "The tall girl, laughing, in a dress embroidered with flowers, ran out of the vine-twined house and looked at the colorful, light-flooded meadow."
Terms
Definitions are words and phrases that answer the questions “whose?”, “Which?”, “Which?”. They are secondary members in the proposal, reveal various signs of phenomena and objects (taste, shape, color, and others). Definitions are expressed in several parts and always syntactically depend on the main word. When parsing them, you need to mark them with a wavy line.
Distinguish between agreed and inconsistent definitions. Examples of their use will be given below. There are also special definitions - applications. They are always consistent with the main word and are expressed by nouns. Definitions are often highlighted on the letter. Punctuation marks indicate a more significant semantic role, which play separate agreed and inconsistent definitions. Let's consider them in more detail.
Agreed Definitions
Such a view fully coincides with the defined word by case, gender, and also number. The type of syntactic connection between them is agreement. Examples:
- “A beautiful doll was lying on a shelf”: what doll? - beautiful, both words have a singular, nominative and feminine.
- “We looked at the water of streams flowing into the pond”: which streams? - flowing, linguistic units are plural, genitive.
- "He hit the legs with a steel bucket": with a bucket - what? - steel, both words have units. number, instrumental and wednesday genus.
Expressed as:
- Single and common participles: “guests arrived”, “thought that interferes with sleep”.
- Ordinal or quantitative numbers: "November seventh", "I live with one dream."
- Single and common adjectives: “funny story”, “forests native to childhood”.
- Pronouns: "tonight," "my kitten."
Common mistake
There is a large layer of phrases in which the adjective is very closely related in meaning to the word being defined and therefore ceases to be an agreed definition, although it corresponds to it in all respects. Therefore, in order not to be mistaken, one must be careful and delve into the meaning and context of the proposal. Examples: “Black Sea”, “handkerchief”, “railway”, “May bug”, “ceps”.
Applications
A kind of agreed definition. The application gives the word associated with it an additional meaning, describes it, indicating its special characteristics. That is, it performs the same function as inconsistent and consistent definitions. Application examples: postman man; Chinese tourists baby sister; Mother Volga; Dnepr River; pilot Pokryshkin; Zvezda magazine; bug dog; motor ship "Svetlov"; sweetheart daughter.
Inconsistent definitions
These definitions are not consistent with the case, as well as gender or number with the defined word. Between words, in this case, two types of communication can be established: syntactic adjacency or control. When changing the shape of the main word, the definition remains the same.
Examples of sentences with inconsistent definitions:
- “I will give her a bigger bouquet”: what bouquet? - more, communication - syntactic adjunction.
- “Father’s coat fell to the floor”: what coat? - father, communication - management.
Such definitions are expressed in the form:
- Noun: "the work plan has changed."
- Pronouns: "Her story hit the audience."
- Adverbs: "Mom cooked American eggs."
- Adjective to a comparative degree: "the guide chose the route easier."
- Phraseologism and a syntactically closely related combination of words: “not from this world, she still liked him very much”, “the mahogany table inspired respect and awe”.
- Infinitive: "he possessed the art of listening."
The semantic functions of definitions
Agreed and uncoordinated definitions help to formulate and accurately describe the following characteristics of an object (main word):
- Quality, quantity, rating: “blue sky”, “beautiful flower”, “heavy burden”, “tasty lunch”, “deep pool”, “warm day”, “numerous spectators”, “big crowd”.
- Action or process: “running man”, “pensive girl”, “prolonged standing ovation”.
- Time: “morning exercise”, “April drops”, “New Year's bustle”.
- Location: "wildfire", "club atmosphere", "city dweller".
- Belonging: “fatherly care”, “brotherly love”, “football fans”.
Table: Agreed and Inconsistent Definitions
The tabular presentation of data allows you to concisely and clearly structure information. In this form, even complex material is perceived easier. Tables are a great help when doing school tests and exercises. The agreed and inconsistent definitions are depicted in them clearly and in an orderly manner. They are easier to remember and repeat if necessary.
Material fastening
However, the table is only an auxiliary learning tool. Thoughtless memorization of reference definitions will also help. Agreed and inconsistent definitions need to be recognized consciously, be able to work with them, confidently determine their type. Best practice exercises. Fortunately, any book can serve as educational material, especially classical literature is rich in all kinds of definitions.
Such practical work will effectively develop and consolidate the knowledge gained and subsequently help to easily pass any school test. Consistent and inconsistent definitions are fairly easy to distinguish from each other. It is enough to follow the following algorithm:
First step. Find in the sentence the main word with which the definition is connected by asking a question from him.
Exercise: "Red puppy frolic in the grass": puppy - which one? - red. The word "red" answers the question "what?", Therefore it is an agreed or inconsistent definition. An exercise may include more complex constructions with several definitions. Each of them is disassembled separately according to the same algorithm.
Second phase. Determine the type of speech to which the definition belongs, and whether it coincides with the main case, as well as the number and gender. At this stage, at first it’s convenient to use a table of agreed and inconsistent definitions to fill your hand. If the forms of words coincide, then the definition is consistent, if at least one, then not agreed, does not match.
"A red puppy frolic in the grass": the defined word is "puppy" (singular, case, male. Gender), the dependent word is "red" (singular, case, male, male). Conclusion: this is a consistent definition.
More difficult exercise
“An old castle with a rook tower was visible through the foggy window of the bus.”
First step:
- "Window" - what? “Misty” is a solitary communion.
- "Window" - whose? - “Bus” is a noun.
- "Castle" - what? - "old" is an adjective.
- "Tower" - which? - "rook" - application.
Second phase:
- Windows (singular, blame. Case, middle gender) - fogged (singular, blame. Case, middle gender). The forms of words coincided, the conclusion: an agreed definition.
- Windows (singular, blame. Case, middle gender) - bus (singular, birth. Case, male gender). Forms did not match, conclusion: inconsistent definition.
- The castle (singular, named. Case, male. Gender) - old (singular, named. Case, male. Gender). The forms of words coincided, the conclusion: an agreed definition.
- Tower (singular, nominative case, feminine gender) - by boat (singular, nominative case, feminine gender). Conclusion: a consistent definition as an application.