The relevance of the issue of the stages of the leadership process is connected with the fact that it runs through the entire activity of the organization as a red thread. The effectiveness of management processes can be compared with the clock. A debugged and clear mechanism will lead to the planned result. At the same time, flexibility is inherent in a good management system - the ability to adapt to new conditions.
Essence of management
By management is meant the management of an object (enterprise, resource) or subject (person). Management as a process is a combination of various types of activities, coordination, maintenance of order necessary for the successful operation of an enterprise, achievement of goals and development.
The management process includes the solution of a tactical and strategic task:
- the task associated with tactics requires maintaining harmony, integrity and effectiveness of the elements of the managed object;
- strategy involves the development, improvement and positive change of state.
Characterization of management processes
The management process is continuous and cyclical. It consists of managerial work, subject, means and final product. Management of any object is associated with the periodic repeatability of individual stages of work. These may be phases of data collection and analysis, development of a managerial decision, organization of its implementation.
The technology of the management process is being improved along with the development of the organization. If the leader is late in making decisions, then the management process becomes chaotic, inertial.
A closed sequence of management actions that are repeated to achieve goals is called a management cycle. The beginning of the cycle is the identification of the problem, the result is the achievement of a working result. The frequency of management processes helps to find common patterns and principles for organizations of different profiles.
Management principles
The fundamentals of management processes are expressed through fundamental principles. They are objective and consistent with the laws of management. The list of general management principles that can be found in textbooks is not small. Among them are:
- purposefulness;
- feedback;
- information conversion;
- optimality;
- promising.
The formation and operation of the management system is based on several other principles.
Division of labor | The management functions are separated from each other and become the basis for the management structure. Departments and brigades appear that perform different but uniform types of work. |
Function combination | Combination of operations in management functions. The relationship of the functions of the governing bodies with the internal structure. |
Centrism and independence | The management process and organizational structure remain centralized and independent of the external environment. |
Submission in the control system | The information flow on the steps connects the highest, middle and lower management level. |
The implementation of the principles contributes to the effective integration of managerial functions, strengthening ties at all levels of management bodies.
Managerial functions
The professional activities of managers are gradually reflected in management functions.
Function grouping | The management process includes activities |
General (universal) functions | Planning, implementation of forecasts, coordination, organization, control, accounting function and others. Contribute to the development, improvement and interconnection of management processes. |
Special functions | Administration, personnel management, motivation. As tools for common functions, they help organize productive activities. |
Secondary functions | Service management processes for the successful functioning of all levels of management. |
By the nature of their activity, they distinguish functions used in various fields related to production, the economic part, the economy, and technology.
Henri Fayol divided the functions of managing an industrial organization into 6 groups: administrative, commercial, industrial, accounting, insurance and accounting activities.
Management process steps
Each managerial action and decision is accompanied by a unity of information, goals, society and other aspects. The essence of management reflects the management cycle, which can be represented as a set of stages.
The management process includes stages that are continuously alternating.
Problem identification | Forecast | Goal setting | Management decision |
Analysis of the situation, statement of the "diagnosis" of the problem | Identification of a likely scenario | Development of goals and objectives, strategies for their achievement | The process of making and making the best decision |
In addition to the above stages, the management process includes actions to implement a management decision.
Planning | Creating a system of activities to achieve the goal |
Organization | Mobilization of employees for tasks, distribution of roles |
Motivation | Stimulating or inducing performers to work |
Control and accounting | Observation, coordination and processing of results |
Regulation | Ensuring communication between employees |
7 stages of the personnel management process
Management tasks in the field of human resources are diverse. The personnel management process consists of seven stages.
- Staff planning for all functions of the enterprise.
- Attraction of personnel, formation of personnel reserve, selection and hiring.
- Labor motivation. Creation of material (wages, bonuses) and intangible motivation systems to form a stable team.
- The system of adaptation and career guidance of employees. As a result, everyone should quickly get into work, know corporate goals, understand the essence and requirements of their activities.
- Assessment of employees and labor. Assessment of knowledge, skills for effective work. A system for assessing the work of everyone and informing the team as a whole.
- Moving, career planning, staff rotation.
- Training for a shift to managers. Further training of managerial employees.
An effective personnel management process is impossible without the development and enhancement of the professional potential of workers. This factor becomes crucial in production and labor productivity.
Project management
Project management processes are a combination of functions and specific activities.
Goal setting and forecast | Planning | Resource Management and Distribution | Motivation and control of performers | Operational and current management |
The entire project and each artist can be evaluated using a number of indicators. This is the volume, period and quality of work carried out in accordance with the deadlines, the amount of invested resources (material, financial), the staff of the project team, and the estimated level of risk.
Project management processes are associated with the following tasks:
- formulation of project objectives;
- search and selection of solutions for the implementation of the project;
- creating a structure (team of performers, resources, timelines and budget);
- communication with the environment;
- leadership of the team of performers and coordination of the progress of work.
Information management
Information is a collection of knowledge, information about any event, fact, phenomenon or process. In production management, information becomes a necessary means of communication, communication between employees.
The great importance of information in the control system is associated with its universality. It is not only the subject and product of managerial work, but also a combination of data on the state of the management system, internal and external environment.
Information management processes are the steps of collecting, transmitting, transforming, processing and applying information. The storage and destruction of the information base are distinguished as separate processes.
Management of risks
Risk management at any company is not a one-time event, but a constant necessity. Risk management has become a stage of business management, without which it is impossible to make a profit, achieve goals. The risk management process includes five stages of directed actions.
Market analysis | Alternative risk management techniques | The choice of management methods | Risk management measures | Monitoring and improving the risk assessment system |
In practical activities, these processes are not always carried out in this order or can be carried out simultaneously.
The overall picture should be supplemented with feedback for each of the stages, meaning a return, if necessary, to the completed stage. The final stage is connected with conclusions and final assessment. The results should be used when working on the assessment and minimization of risks in the future.
Production technology management
Process control systems depend on the organizational structure, which is presented in modern enterprises in three versions.
- A centralized way of managing involves concentrating functions in departments. In fact, only linear management is present in production. Therefore, centralization is applicable only in small production.
- Decentralization - the structure of the management process is associated with the transfer of all functions to the shops. Workshops become partially independent units.
- The combination of centralization and a decentralized system is used by most manufacturing enterprises. Operational issues are resolved in workshops or bureaus, and management methods and quality control remain with the management departments. The workshops have their own management staff and conduct the entire process.
Financial management
The financial management system should be present even in a small company and consist not only of accounting. The management process includes five areas of financial work.
Business process control | Helps identify potential cash loss |
Creation of a financial department | The financial structure and the allocation of financial departments is a clear distribution of responsibility, effective control of cash flows. |
Control the movement of money and goods | Implemented using a financial cash flow plan. |
Implementation of management accounting | Implemented after the development of indicators to assess the state of finance, the effectiveness of departments. |
Budget management | The management process includes budget planning based on analytical information from financial departments. |
Management process analysis
The main objective of management analysis is to provide information management for informed decision making. It includes three areas of analysis:
- retrospective (examines information about past events);
- operational (analysis of the current situation);
- prospective (short-term and strategic analysis of a possible situation in the future).
Management system improvement
The process of improving the management system is carried out on the basis of the analysis of managerial and accounting data. To assess its effectiveness, it is necessary to calculate a number of factors: controllability, labor automation level, labor efficiency, management economic efficiency, management effectiveness, labor productivity.
Improving the management system is an inevitable process for a successful organization. At this stage, the management process includes, for example:
1) audit of the management system;
2) verification of compliance with legislation, international standards, recommendations of the Bank of the Russian Federation;
3) development of measures to improve the management system and updating internal documentation;
4) cooperation of the board of directors with shareholders and the formation of proposals.
The current state of society and the economy contributes to a rethinking of management and the professionalism of the manager. Active work for the development of personnel, the main resource of the enterprise, becomes relevant for the leader. A successful manager knows how to look to the future, show flexibility in decision-making with complete unpredictability of the external environment.