All people get sick, but no one thinks how his disease qualifies - a general disease or a nosological form. What is it, read this article.
What is nosology?
This is the science of disease. Under nosological forms mean a single disease. The subject of study is health - not only the absence of diseases and defects, but also mental, physical and social well-being. If the nosological form of the disease is established, the patient’s regulatory system is violated, his working capacity is reduced, he does not adapt well in the environment.
Tasks
Nosology as a science sets itself the following tasks:
- Form science-based concepts that are necessary for use in medicine.
- To develop and scientifically argue the nomenclature of diseases and their conditions.
- To develop and justify the classification of diseases.
- To formulate provisions and general concepts about diseases.
- Develop a medicine concept.
Pathological processes in nosology
When a person becomes ill, reactions unusual for a healthy state occur in his body, organs or tissues: on the one hand, pathological changes occur, and on the other, protective and adaptive functions are included in the body's work. The disease is based on a pathological process, but it is not a disease.
Evolving, pathological processes are formed and fixed in stable combinations - they are called typical. These are tumors of various etiologies, inflammation, edema, fever, dystrophy and much more.
The pathological condition is characterized by a deviation from the norm of the structure and functions of organs, systems and tissues, caused by two factors:
- Previously transferred diseases - this can be a cicatricial narrowing of the esophagus as a result of a chemical burn, amputation of the extremities.
- Violation of fetal development, the result of which may be, for example, clubfoot.
Typically, such conditions progress slowly or do not appear at all, but in some cases, the pathology becomes a disease.
Reactivity in Nosology
There are two types of it:
- Physiological - when the body responds to various environmental factors without violating the constancy of the internal environment. This can be the adaptation of a person to loads, the process of thermoregulation when the temperature changes and much more.
- Pathogenic - when pathogenic factors influence the body, and the body reacts to them.
What is a disease?
In nosology, this is the main concept. The term has a double meaning: on the one hand, these are specific diseases, and on the other, biological phenomena and special forms of human life. This suffering caused by damage to the whole organism or its individual system by some damaging factors.
If, for example, a nosological form of a disease of the heart muscle is established, then the patient may not be able to cope with the stresses of the daily rhythm of life. In this case, the protective adaptive mechanisms that are included in the work are inflammation, fever, thrombosis and much more - this is already a pathological form.
In the absence of medical care, they remain the only natural processes that prevent the death of the whole organism. In a healthy person, the mechanisms of inclusion are absent.
The vital activity of the sick and healthy organisms varies significantly, qualitative and quantitative characteristics vary. The sick body has a completely different reaction to the usual effects. For example, a patient’s bronchial asthma can cause severe asthma attacks caused by pollen, grass, and animal hair. Previously, before the onset of bronchial asthma, there was no such reaction.
So, the incidence of nosological forms is a disease that represents the unity of two opposite principles: damage and adaptation.
Nosological form of diseases
This concept implies a separate independent form of the disease, characterized by the following criteria:
- An established cause of the disease.
- The studied development mechanism.
- A uniform clinical structure, that is, a natural change in clinical manifestations.
- The anatomical and histological picture of changes of a different nature in human organs.
- A definite outcome of the disease.
Arthritis
Science distinguishes independent nosological forms of arthritis and related diseases of a different nature.
The first group includes rheumatoid arthritis, rheumatic, allergic, psoriatic polyarthritis, infectious gonorrhea, dysentery, tuberculosis, viral arthritis and many other joint diseases.
The second group includes arthritis associated with allergic diseases, metabolic disorders, pathologies of connective tissue, lungs, blood, malignant tumors and many other diseases.
A nosological form of traumatic arthritis is allocated to a special group, which is associated with the peculiarities of their occurrence and special treatment methods.
Infections
The most common nosological form of infections for this group is Pseudomonas aeruginosa. She lives and develops in any environmental conditions. The stick is found in river and sea basins, in wastewater and bottled water, in soil. The bacterium with pleasure settles on the skin, nasal mucosa, occupies the nasopharynx and gastrointestinal tract.
Nosological forms of infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are able to infect both amoeba and humans. Pseudomonas aeruginosa plays a major role in primary immunodeficiency, leukemia, and other tumor processes. Patients with HIV infection are ten times more likely to become infected than healthy people.
The occurrence of immunodeficiency is provoked by stresses caused by injuries, burns, and surgical intervention; therefore, infections caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa are more likely to occur in patients hospitalized in a hospital.
Purulent infections
Nosological forms of purulent-septic diseases often occur in patients of the surgical department, traumatology, urology.
WHO has developed an international classification of diseases. The list of purulent-septic infections lists more than eighty diseases that qualify as nosological independent forms.
Certain types of pathogens cause epidemiological infections. The ways and factors of transmission of the disease contribute to this. The nosological form of infections is transmitted through contact with a sick person through objects or touch and by airborne droplets when sneezing, talking.