Education in the Russian Federation is a single process aimed at the education and training of the future generation. During 2003-2010 the system of domestic education has undergone major reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to specialty and postgraduate studies, levels of the Russian education system such as undergraduate and graduate programs were introduced .
In 2012, the Law on the Education of the Russian Federation was adopted in Russia. Levels formations similar to European states provide free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted plus is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that have signed the Bologna Declaration.
Education: concept, purpose, functions
Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of training is to introduce new members of society to established beliefs and value ideals.
The main functions of the training are:
- Education of worthy members of society.
- Socialization and introduction of a new generation to the values ​​that have developed in this society.
- Providing qualified training for young professionals.
- The transfer of knowledge that relates to work, using modern technology.
Education Criteria
An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, is able to clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event, and can thus logically think. The main criterion of education can be called a systematic knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in a person’s ability, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.
The value of learning in human life
It is through training that the culture of society is transferred from one generation to another. Education affects all areas of society. An example of such an impact can be the improvement of the training system. New levels of professional education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the existing labor resources of the state, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, obtaining a legal profession will help to strengthen the legal culture of the population, as each citizen must know their legal rights and obligations.
High-quality and systemic training, which covers all spheres of human life, allows you to educate a harmonious personality. Training has a significant effect on the individual. Since in the current situation only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly related to obtaining high-quality training of the highest level.
Education system
The training system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:
- Preschool education (development centers, kindergartens).
- General education (schools, grammar schools, lyceums).
- Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
- Special secondary (technical schools, colleges).
- Non-state.
- Additional education.
Education Principles
- Priority of universal values.
- The basis is cultural and national principles.
- Science.
- Orientation to features and level of education in the world.
- Humanistic character.
- Focus on environmental protection.
- Continuity of education, consistent and continuous.
- Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
- Promoting the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
- Mandatory availability of primary (basic) education.
Types of education
According to the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:
- Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (the age of children is up to 7 years).
- Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from 6 or 7 years old, lasts from first to fourth grades. The child is taught the basic skills of reading, writing and counting, much attention is paid to the development of personality and the acquisition of the necessary knowledge about the world.
- Secondary - includes basic (4-9 grades) and general secondary (10-11 grades). It is carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire knowledge and skills that form a full citizen.
- Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.
By the nature and orientation of education is:
- The general. Helps to acquire knowledge of the foundations of sciences, in particular about nature, man, society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him, helps to acquire the necessary practical skills.
- Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for students to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
- Polytechnic. Training in the basic principles of modern production. Acquisition of skills to use the simplest tools.
Educational levels
The basis of the organization of training is such a concept as "the level of education in the Russian Federation." It reflects the separation of the curriculum depending on the statistical indicator of studying by the population as a whole and each citizen individually. Level of education in the Russian Federation - This is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:
- Preschool.
- The beginning.
- The main thing.
- Average.
In addition, the following levels of higher education of the Russian Federation are distinguished:
- Undergraduate. Admission is made on a competitive basis after passing the exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. At the end of this level, a graduate can pass special exams and continue training for a specialist or master.
- Specialty. This level includes basic education, as well as training in the chosen specialty. In full-time, the duration of study is 5 years, and in absentia - 6. After obtaining a specialist diploma, you can continue to study for a master's degree or enter graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and does not differ much from magistracy. However, when employed abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
- Master This stage graduates professionals with a deeper specialization. You can enter the magistracy at the end of the bachelor's and specialty.
- Training of highly qualified personnel. This includes postgraduate study. This is a necessary preparation for obtaining a Candidate of Science degree. Full-time study lasts 3 years, part-time studies - 4. A scientific degree is awarded upon completion of training, defending a dissertation and passing final exams.
The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law facilitate the acquisition by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are quoted by higher educational institutions of other states, which means that they provide an opportunity to continue studying abroad.
Forms of Education
Education in Russia can be carried out in two forms:
- In special educational institutions. It can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, external forms.
- Outside of educational institutions. It implies self-education and family education. It is envisaged to undergo intermediate and final state certification.
Education Subsystems
The learning process combines two interconnected subsystems: training and education. They help to achieve the main goal of the educational process - the socialization of man.
The main difference between these two categories is that training is aimed primarily at developing the intellectual side of man, and education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between the two processes. In addition, they complement each other.
The quality of higher education
Despite the fact that not so long ago a reform was carried out in the educational system of the Russian Federation, there is no significant improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of shifts in improving the quality of educational services are the following:
- Outdated management system in higher education.
- A small number of foreign teachers with a high degree of qualification.
- Low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, due to weak internationalization.
Education Management Issues
- Low pay for education workers.
- The lack of personnel with a high degree of qualification.
- The insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
- Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
- Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.
Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels of municipalities of the Russian Federation.
Education Development Trends
- Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students in order to exchange international best practices.
- Strengthening the direction of domestic education in the practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines, an increase in the number of teaching practitioners.
- Active implementation of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems in the educational process.
- Popularization of distance learning.
Thus, education underlies the cultural, intellectual and moral state of modern society. This is a determining factor in the socio-economic development of the Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight improvement. The levels of education of the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for the free movement of teachers and students between universities, which suggests that the process of Russian education has taken a course towards internationalization.