Components of learning activities to enhance learning

After the child has formed certain learning skills, he will be able to fully engage in learning activities.

Features of primary school age

For children 3-6 years old, of particular interest is the game activity. Moreover, they enjoy not only the game process itself, but also its result, that is, a win. The teacher, owning the psychological characteristics of this age, tries to include the components of educational activity in the game. The task of the mentor is to form the desired qualities in the children: coordination of movement, logical thinking, independence. As preschoolers grow, game motivation is gradually replaced by components of educational and cognitive activity. For kids in this period, it is important to approve actions, praise from the teacher, parents. Their subsequent school life depends on how correctly a “situation of success” is formed for children in this period.

The system of D. B. Elkonin

The formation of the components of educational activity is an important task. This process is complex and lengthy, it will require a lot of time and physical strength. Let us analyze the main components of educational activity. There is a certain structure proposed by D. B. Elkonin. The author identifies 3 components of educational activity, let us dwell on them in more detail.

Motivation

This is the first element. Educational activity is polymotivated, it is motivated and guided by various educational motives. Among them there are motives that are in the maximum degree consistent with educational tasks. If similar skills are formed in primary school in full, the educational activities of such children become effective and meaningful. D. B. Elkonin calls such motives educational-cognitive. These components of the educational activities of elementary schoolchildren are based on the cognitive need and desire for self-development. We are talking about interest in the content of the educational activity, in the material being studied. In addition, motivation is also associated with the process of activity itself, and with the ways to achieve the objectives. This motive is important for self-improvement of a younger student, the development of his creative abilities.

Training task

The second motivational component of educational activity involves a system of tasks, in the process of which the student learns the main ways of acting. The training task has differences from individual tasks. The guys, performing many specific tasks, discover their own way of solving. For different children, the solutions to the same learning problem may vary significantly. Thanks to the developmental education used in elementary school, after such “individual discoveries”, the teacher summarizes the results and, together with his students, derives a general algorithm for the task. The guys learn the method, use it in other tasks. As a result, the productivity of educational activities increases, the number of mistakes made by the guys decreases.

As an example of a training problem, we can consider morphosemantic analysis in a Russian language lesson. The student must find a connection between the meaning of a particular word and form. To cope with the task, he will have to learn the general methods of action with the word. Using change, comparison with a word created in a new form, he reveals the connection between the meaning and the changed form.

Training operations

D. B. Elkonin calls them the third component of educational activity. For example, for the Russian language, such operations can consist in parsing a word by its composition, identifying a prefix, root, ending, suffix. The well-formed components of educational activities help the child to transfer general rules to a concrete example. It is important to work out each individual training operation. Stage-by-stage development of training skills is characteristic of developing education, the principles of which are formulated by P. Ya. Halperin. A schoolboy, having received an idea of ​​the algorithm of actions, under the guidance of a teacher, performs the task assigned to him. After the child has mastered such skills to perfection, the process of “speaking” is supposed, that is, solving the task in his mind, the student informs the teacher the ready-made solution and answer.

Control

At first, the teacher acts as the controlling body. As development begins, self-adjustment and control, self-training begins. The teacher acts as a tutor, that is, monitors the activities of his wards, and gives them advice as necessary. Without full self-control, it is impossible to fully develop educational activities, since teaching control is an important and difficult pedagogical task. In addition to evaluating the final result, operational monitoring is important for the child, that is, the correctness of each step should be checked. If a student learns to control his academic work, he will form such an important function as attention.

Rating

If we consider the components of educational activity, special attention should be paid to evaluation. In addition to monitoring his educational activities, the student must learn to evaluate his work adequately. This is difficult for primary school students, mostly they have an overestimated self-esteem, so at this stage the teacher should take on the main task. It should not be limited to banal grading, it is important to explain it. In a meaningful assessment of the activities of schoolchildren, the teacher tells them in detail about the evaluation criteria, so that the guys understand what grade they can count on for their intellectual work. Schoolchildren themselves have their own evaluation criteria . They believe that they spent a huge amount of effort and effort to complete an exercise or task, so the rating for their work should be maximum. At the primary school age, a critical attitude to other children is developed, this aspect is necessarily used by the teacher in his work. All components of educational activity are based on mutual peer-review of children's works according to a certain algorithm proposed by general criteria. Such a technique is effective precisely at the initial stage of training, since the children have not yet fully developed their educational activities. Teenagers are guided by the opinion of their classmates, they are not ready to evaluate other people's work, as they fear a negative reaction.

Features of educational activities

The characteristics of the components of educational activity are given in detail in the new federal educational standards. Its complex structure involves the child going a long way of becoming. Throughout their further school life, younger students will develop the skills laid down in the first stage of training. Modern education has special social significance, the main direction is the harmonious development of the personality of the child.

Structural components of learning activities such as reflection and self-esteem have become the main criteria of the FSES. The educational activity is aimed not only at obtaining certain knowledge by schoolchildren, but also at the ability to use it in everyday life. Learning the basics of writing, reading, counting, leads to an independent change in the mental abilities of the child. In the federal educational standards of the new generation, the main components of the educational activities of primary schoolchildren are based on constant reflection. When comparing their achievements for the week, month, academic quarter, children track their growth, analyze problems. A special journal with the results of individual reflection is also maintained by the teacher. With it, the teacher identifies the main problems that arise for each student, looking for ways to overcome them.

The main components of educational activity are related to the student posing the following questions: “I didn’t know, I learned”, “I couldn’t - I learned.” If in the process of such an activity the child enjoys, is satisfied with his growth, a favorable psychological climate is created for subsequent self-improvement and self-development.

D. B. Elkonin, analyzing the components of the educational activities of students, emphasized the importance of self-esteem. He noted that it was during the analysis of the results of his work that the schoolboy finds out whether he managed to cope with the task set for him. The experience gained is transferred to subsequent tasks, that is, a system of skills and actions is formed, which is the basis of self-development and self-improvement. " If the educational activity is organized with violations, the main components of the structure of the educational activity are not fully taken into account, the effectiveness of the assessment is reduced.

So, in the structure of D. B. Elkonin, the relationship of the following components is noted:

• the child’s assimilation of certain actions with the help of the educational task assigned to him by the teacher;
• students perform educational activities to master the material;
• control and analysis of the results.

In various educational disciplines, which must be mastered by the younger student, it is assumed that he uses different components of activity. The ultimate goal is to achieve the student’s conscious work, built according to objective laws. For example, in the process of teaching first graders to reading, such educational action is used as dividing words into separate syllables. To learn the rules of the primary account, the teacher uses cubes, sticks, paying attention to fine motor skills. Together, the subjects introduced in elementary school contribute to the assimilation of all components of educational activity.

Objects of activity

The main actions performed by students are associated with ideal objects: sounds, numbers, letters. The teacher sets certain educational actions, and the student reproduces them, imitating his mentor. As soon as he fully mastered such primary skills, a mark appears in the list of achievements on a certain “step”. Next, the child goes to a higher level of development. Using the acquired skills, he proceeds to perform more complex tasks. It is at this stage that self-development begins, without which the learning process will be meaningless.

L. S. Vygotsky singled out collective interaction as the highest psychological function of the development of schoolchildren. In the general genetic law of cultural development, he says that any function of a child in such development is manifested twice. First, in social terms, then in a psychological position. First of all, between people, that is, as an interpsychic function, and then inside the child himself as an intrapsychic category. Moreover, Vygotsky argued that this applies equally to logical memory and to arbitrary attention.

The psychological nature is a combination of human relationships that are transferred inward in the joint activities of children and an adult mentor.

The importance of projects and research in the modern educational process

The inclusion of research and design work in school and extracurricular activities was not an accident. Depending on the direction of the projects, they are carried out individually, by groups, by creative teams. In order to make a project, first, together with the mentor, the child must determine the main goal of his research. This will require skills acquired in educational activities. Next, the research algorithm is identified, the quality of which directly determines the result of the completed project. It is in such activities to the maximum extent that the student has the opportunity of self-improvement and self-development. The usual educational activity in the course of work on the project turns into a real scientific work. The child becomes a “colleague” for the teacher, they are together looking for answers to the questions posed at the beginning of the study, trying to confirm or refute the hypothesis. It is a joint activity that is a necessary stage for the full inclusion of a student in academic work. In addition to acquiring knowledge, the child improves practical skills and develops communication skills.

Conclusion

Modern educational activities are aimed at the "socialization" of each child, his successful career. It is important that this process be “picked up” by teachers of the middle and senior levels of education, only then will students leave the educational institution not only with the “baggage” of theoretical knowledge, but also with a formed sense of love for their country, small homeland, and a positive attitude towards representatives of other nationalities and cultures, the desire to preserve and enhance traditions and customs. The main components of educational activity help to direct this process in the right direction. The classical education system used in Soviet times proved to be untenable. She did not allow to fully develop the creative abilities of schoolchildren, and there was no question of self-development and self-improvement. After reforming Russian education, introducing new federal educational standards, teachers were given the opportunity to pay attention to each ward, put into practice individual approach systems, identify gifted and talented children, and help them develop. The introspection skill gained over the years of schooling will help the child make important and responsible decisions in the subsequent adult life. The ultimate goal of all educational activity - the change of self, awareness of its importance for society, will be fully achieved.