Topoplan today is an important document, without which it is difficult to imagine the construction, designing of landscape works. But how is it different, for example, from situational or floor? In the article we will analyze in detail the creation of topographic plans, give a definition of the concept, see why such plans are developed, what useful information they carry. Consider also the necessary tools for compiling them.
Definition
Let's start the article with the definitions:
- A topographic plan is a document that is compiled according to the results of a topographic survey of the area. This is the name of the drawing of the elements of the situation, relief, as well as other objects on the ground with their technical and metric characteristics, which is executed using approved conventional signs.
- A topographic plan is a view of a large-scale drawing, depicting on a plane in conventional signs any part of the earth's surface. It is constructed without taking into account the curvature of the level surface. Here a constant scale is maintained in all directions and at any point.
The main feature of the topographic plan is its high-altitude component. That is, at any point in the image, you can determine the height of the object drawn there. In addition, on a topographic plan it is possible to measure linear parameters and coordinates of objects (taking into account scale).
All of the above data is easy to obtain on both the paper and electronic versions of the plan. Thus, a topographic plan is not only a visual representation of a particular area, but also a starting point for modeling and design.
Difference from GeoBase
Often, experts call topoplan a geo-base (and vice versa). In fact, these concepts are truly synonymous. But with clarifications. A geo-base can contain several topographic plans at once. This is the collective name for all images of the territory of any object.
And one more clarification: on a geo-basis, an indication of all available underground utilities is mandatory. On the topographic plane, they are depicted only by necessity.
Difference from the map
How will the topographic plan of the site differ from the same map? These documents cannot be called identical. Map development involves the use of small scales. Maps are created to cover larger territories than topographic plans.
There is one more difference: when creating a map, the compiler takes into account the curvature of the surface of the globe, while creating a plan - no. The latter is characterized by the use of large scales - from 1: 5000 to 1: 500.
In addition, the plan will differ in the image of the following objects:
- The terrain.
- Engineering and technical facilities.
- The boundaries of available land.
- The presence of failed communications.
Topoplan is also distinguished not only by a graphic image of existing objects, but also by detailed information about their parameters: high-altitude, qualitative and quantitative.
Drafting a document
Topographic plans for land plots are made by surveyors. To work in this niche, it is no longer enough to graduate from a university, obtain a diploma and purchase professional equipment for surveying. The specialist must work in an organization that has membership in the corresponding SRO (self-regulatory organization).
Such an order has been valid on the territory of the Russian Federation since 2009. Its introduction is due to the desire to increase the responsibility of surveyors, to strengthen their preparedness.
All devices used by specialists pass the appropriate certification. They must have certificates of passing the necessary metrological checks. Processing of materials obtained by surveying, measurements is carried out today on licensed specialized software.
Regulatory documents
Both conditional plans for topographic plans, and they themselves are regulated in the Russian Federation by fundamental documents:
- Instructions for topographic survey. Compiled in 1955.
- Symbols for topographic plans. The document was developed in 1989.
- SP 47.13330.2012.
- SP 11-104-97.
- GOST R 51872-2002.
Why do you need topographic plans?
Why are conditional plans for topographic plans being developed? In fact, this is a necessary pre-project document to start any construction. Let us indicate in which cases it is necessary:
- Obtaining documentation, building permits.
- Design work in the construction and reconstruction of buildings and structures. This can also include the design of communications and their reconstruction.
- Registration of ownership, lease of a newly formed land allotment.
- The vertical layout of any territory.
- Landscaping on land plots.
Required documents
If the customer of the topographic plan is an individual, then it is enough to indicate the location of the necessary object (cadastral number or address of the site), and then verbally agree with the specialist on the need for certain works.
In the case when a legal entity orders a service, the preparation of an agreement, acceptance certificate is required. The customer must also provide the survey company with the following documents:
- The situational plan of the necessary object.
- Terms of Reference for geodetic, topographic work.
- Information on previously performed topographic work.
- Other documents that may contain cartographic information about this object.
What does the plan look like?
Today, a topographic plan is not just a paper document. His presentation in the form of the TsMM - digital terrain model is gaining popularity. You can order a version of the plan in today's PDF format.
But we must remember that few operating and controlling organizations have the ability to work with the document in this form, to certify it with electronic signatures. Hence, for coordination and affixing the necessary stamps, a printed version of the topographic plan is also needed.
About the scale on the plan
A topographic plan is a document drawn up on a scale of 1: 10000 to 1: 100. Depending on this, the accuracy of the displayed objects will also be different. For example, on a small scale, it is almost impossible to depict trees or communications - this will merge into one spot.
In this area, there are generalization rules: the smaller the scale, the larger and more significant objects should appear on the image.
The most popular scales regarding topographic plans: 1: 500 and 1: 1000. They are used in the design during construction. Any such topographic plan will consist of a drawing and other supporting images.
The main graphic part
We now turn to the conventional signs for topographic plans. They are applicable specifically to the graphic part of the document. It is important to highlight the following groups:
- Relief. It is depicted using the main and thickened contour lines. They are supplemented by elevation marks. The latter are indicated in the format 111.22, in meters above sea level. Curiously, the Baltic system of heights has been adopted in Russia, and only in the capital is the Moscow system used. It differs slightly from the first - by +/- 92 mm. Horizontal lines and elevations make it possible to judge the terrain - it is possible to identify pits, mountains, hollows, ridges, saddles, and so on.
- Vegetation and soil. Signs of topographic plans necessarily "tell" about the types of both.
- Hydrography. With the help of symbols of topographic plans, rivers, lakes, swamps and streams are depicted. Be sure to spell out the name of the water body, its direction, depth and speed.
- Road network. Road, pedestrian, railway and tram tracks are designated. Contains information about their coverage, width.
- Network engineering. Symbols for topographic plans 1: 500 are designed to tell about underground and ground communications - power lines, gas pipelines, sewers, water pipes, communication lines, etc.
- Fencing. This is a display of all types of hedges, fences, etc.
- Buildings and building. Such objects are provided with signatures describing their number of storeys, belonging to the residential sector, information about the materials.
- Borders. The topographic plans must indicate the boundaries of the settlements, the cadastral limits of the land plots, as well as the boundaries of the topographic survey itself.
Auxiliary notation
In the case of topographic plans, auxiliary images include the following:
- The mathematical basis. That is, the image of the crosses and the designation of their coordinates. This allows you to clearly attach the drawing to the coordinates in real terrain.
- Legend. If any designations that are not related to generally accepted conventional signs are used on the topographic plane, then they are deciphered in the drawing itself. If the document contains only standard characters, they are not decrypted.
- The main stamp. The place on the document where you can find all the additional information about the drawing - the scale, location of the object, information about the artist and so on.
Necessary equipment
Compilation of a topographic plan of a land plot is preceded by a topographic survey. She needs the following equipment:
- Optical levels. Allows you to accurately measure the plane of the site.
- The total station is electronic. High-precision instrument for measuring altitude parameters, determining rectangular and polar coordinates, measuring the area of land allotments, processing the obtained data.
- Rangefinders. Today these are laser electronic roulettes that allow you to quickly, accurately and effortlessly determine the distance between objects.
- Satellite equipment.
This concludes our acquaintance with the most important characteristics and features of topographic plans. You also now know how such documents differ from maps and geo-bases.