The problem of purposefulness of human activity cannot be called a new one. Each work must be done to obtain a specific result. Goal - a factor determining the nature and method of carrying out activities, methods and means of achieving it. The lesson acts as the main form of pedagogical activity. Its result is a backbone element. In practice, different objectives of the lesson are realized : educational, developing, educational. Consider them.
general characteristics
The triune goal of the lesson is the result pre-programmed by the teacher. It must be achieved by both himself and the children. The key word here is triune. Despite the fact that 3 goals of the lesson are didactically identified - developmental, educational, cognitive, they are not achieved individually or in stages. Upon receipt of the planned result, they appear simultaneously. The task of the teacher is to correctly formulate a common goal and design means to achieve it.
Cognitive aspect
All the objectives of the lesson - educational, developing, educational - are realized in close unity. Their achievement involves the implementation of certain rules. When implementing the cognitive aspect of the activity, the teacher should:
- To teach a child to independently obtain information (knowledge). For this, the teacher must have sufficient methodological training and the ability to form, develop the activity of children.
- Provide depth, strength, responsiveness, flexibility, systematicity, awareness and completeness of knowledge.
- Promote skill building. Children must develop accurate, error-free actions, which, due to repeated repetition, are brought to automatism.
- Contribute to the formation of skills. They represent a set of skills and knowledge that ensure the effective implementation of activities.
- Promote the formation of over-subject, core competencies. This, in particular, is about a complex of skills, knowledge, semantic orientations, experience, skills of children in relation to a specific circle of objects of reality.
Nuances
The objectives of the lesson (training, developing, educational ) are often set in the most general form. Say, "learn the rule," "get an idea of the law," and so on. It is worth saying that in such formulations the goal of the teacher is expressed more. By the end of the lesson, it’s difficult to ensure that all children come to achieve such results. In this regard, it is advisable to take into account the opinion of the teacher Palamarchuk. She believes that when planning the cognitive aspect of activity, the level of skills, knowledge, and skills that are proposed to be achieved should be specifically indicated. It can be creative, constructive, reproductive.
Educational and developmental objectives of the lesson
These aspects are considered the most difficult for the teacher. When planning them, the teacher almost always encounters difficulties. There are several reasons for this. In the first place, the teacher often seeks to plan a new developmental goal in each lesson, forgetting that training and education are much faster. The independence of personality formation is very relative. It is realized mainly as a result of the proper organization of education and training. The conclusion follows from this. A developmental goal can be formulated for several lessons, classes for a whole topic or section. The second reason for the difficulties is the teacher’s insufficient knowledge of the pedagogical and psychological spheres that are directly related to the personality structure and those aspects of it that need to be improved. Development should be carried out in a complex and relate to:
- Speech.
- Thinking
- Sensory sphere.
- Motor activity.
Speech
Its development involves the implementation of work to complicate and enrich the vocabulary, the semantic function of the language, and strengthen communication characteristics. Children must be proficient in art and expression. The teacher must constantly remember that the formation of speech is an indicator of the general and intellectual development of the child.
Thinking
In the framework of achieving the developing goal, the teacher in the course of his activity forms and contributes to the improvement of logical skills:
- Analyze.
- Define the main thing.
- Match.
- To build analogies.
- Summarize, systematize.
- To refute and prove.
- Define and clarify concepts.
- To pose a problem and solve it.
Each of these skills has a specific structure, techniques and operations. For example, a teacher sets a developing goal to form the ability to compare. During 3-4 classes, such thinking operations should be created in which children identify objects for comparison, identify key signs and indicators of comparison, establish the difference and similarity. The development of skills will ultimately ensure the development of the ability to compare. As noted by the famous psychologist Kostyuk, in pedagogical activity it is necessary to determine the immediate goal. It involves children gaining specific knowledge, skills and abilities. It is also important to see the long-term result. Actually, it consists in the development of schoolchildren.
Additionally
The formation of the sensory sphere is associated with the development of orientation on the ground and in time, the eye, the subtlety and accuracy of distinguishing colors, shadows, and light. Children also improve their ability to differentiate shades of speech, sounds, and forms. As for the motor sphere, its development is connected with the regulation of muscular work. The result in this case is the formation of the ability to control their movements.
Educational goals, lesson objectives
Before talking about them, it is necessary to pay attention to an important fact. Truly developmental learning is always educational. Here it is quite appropriate to say that to educate and teach is like "lightning" on a jacket. Two sides are tightened simultaneously and firmly by the movement of the castle - a creative thought. It is she who is the main in the lesson. If during the training a teacher constantly attracts children to active knowledge, provides them with the opportunity to solve problems on their own, and forms the skills of group work, then there is not only development, but also upbringing. The lesson allows you to influence the formation of a variety of personal qualities using various methods, means, forms. The educational goal of the lesson involves the formation of a correct attitude to generally accepted values, moral, environmental, labor, aesthetic qualities of the individual.
Specificity
During the lesson, a certain line of influence on the behavior of children is formed. This is ensured by the creation of a system of relations between an adult and a child. Shchurkova says that the educational goal of the lesson involves the formation of the planned reactions of children to the phenomena of life around them. The circle of relations is quite wide. This determines the scale of the educational goal. Meanwhile, the relationship is quite mobile. From class to class, the teacher sets one, second, third, etc. educational goal of the lesson . The formation of relationships is not an instantaneous phenomenon. This requires a certain period. Accordingly, the teacher’s attention to educational tasks and goals should be constant.
The objects
In the lesson, the student interacts:
- With other people. All the qualities by which the attitude towards others is reflected should be formed and improved by the teacher, regardless of subject matter. The reaction to "other people" is expressed through politeness, kindness, friendship, honesty. Humanity is an integral concept with respect to all qualities. The primary task of the teacher is the formation of humane interactions.
- With myself. Self-attitude is expressed by such qualities as pride, modesty, responsibility, exactingness, discipline and accuracy. They act as an external manifestation of moral relations that have developed within a person.
- With society and the team. The child’s attitude towards them is expressed in a sense of duty, hard work, responsibility, tolerance, and the ability to empathize. In these qualities, the reaction to classmates is more manifested. Through careful attitude to school property, capacity for work, legal awareness, self-awareness as a member of society is expressed.
- With the workflow. The attitude of the child to work is expressed through such qualities as responsibility in the performance of tasks, composure, discipline.
- With the Fatherland. Attitude to the motherland is manifested through involvement in its problems, personal responsibility and good faith.
Recommendations
Starting to determine the objectives of the lesson, the teacher:
- He studies the requirements for a system of skills and knowledge, program indicators.
- Defines the working methods that the student needs to master.
- Establishes value guidelines that help ensure the personal interest of the child as a result.
General rules
The formulation of the goal allows you to organize the work of children in the final form. It also provides guidance on their activities. The goal should be clear. Thanks to this, the teacher can determine the course of the upcoming activity and the level of assimilation of knowledge. There are several stages:
- Representation.
- Knowledge.
- Skills and abilities.
- Creation.
The teacher should set goals that he is sure to achieve. Accordingly, a diagnosis of the results should be made. If necessary, goals in groups with weak students should be adjusted.
Requirements
Objectives should be:
- Clearly worded.
- Clear.
- Achievable.
- Verifiable.
- Specific.
A competently expressed result of a lesson is only one, but an extremely important element of pedagogical mastery. He lays the foundation for an effective lesson. If the goals are not formulated, or they are fuzzy, the entire scenario of the lesson is built without a logical result. Wrong forms of expression of the result are the following:
- Explore the topic "...".
- Expand the horizons of children.
- Deepen knowledge on the topic "...".
These goals are not specific and unverifiable. There are no criteria for their achievement. In the classroom, the teacher realizes a triune goal - he teaches, educates, develops a child. Accordingly, formulating the final result, he carries out methodological activities.
Didactic indicators
GEF defines levels of children's learning. The teacher should present part of the material as an introductory one. This will ensure the formation of children's ideas about events, facts. This level of assimilation is considered the first. Didactic goals can be formulated as follows:
- Ensure that children are familiar with the methods of determination ....
- Promote the concept of "...".
- To ensure the formation of children's ideas about ....
- Contribute to the creation of skills ....
The second level is the stage of retelling, of knowledge. Objectives may be to ensure:
- Recognitions with external support ....
- Playback by sample / proposed algorithm ....
When formulating the results at the second level, verbs such as “sketch”, “write”, “fix”, “inform”, “prepare”, etc. can be used. The next stage is the creation of skills. Pupils perform actions, as a rule, as part of practical work. The goals may include:
- Facilitating the mastery of technology ....
- The desire to develop skills with ....
- Providing systematization and generalization of material on the topic "...".
At this level, the verbs "highlight", "make", "apply knowledge" can be used.
Providing skills to use the information received
For this, developmental goals are set. Children should be able to analyze, evaluate, compare, determine the basic, improve memory, etc. The goals may be to create conditions for:
- Development of thinking. The teacher contributes to the formation of skills of analysis, systematization, generalization, formulation and solution of problems, etc.
- The development of elements of creativity. Such conditions are created under which spatial imagination, intuition, and ingenuity are improved.
- Worldview development.
- Formation and improvement of writing and speaking skills.
- Memory development.
- Improving critical thinking, the ability to engage in dialogue.
- The development of artistic taste and aesthetic representations.
- Improving logical thinking. This is achieved on the basis of the assimilation of a causal relationship, a comparative analysis.
- Development research culture. The skills to use scientific methods (experiment, observation, hypotheses) are improved.
- Developing the ability to formulate problems and propose solutions.
Moral Results
The educational goal of the lesson involves the formation of the best qualities in the child. Accordingly, concrete results should be planned before each lesson. Examples of educational goals of the lesson , as mentioned above, should not depend on the subject. However, in carrying out specific activities on a specific topic, it contributes to the improvement of any qualities to a greater or lesser extent. Goals may be:
- The formation of the ability to listen to others.
- Education of curiosity, moral and aesthetic attitude to reality. This result can be obtained, in particular, during excursions, seminars, etc.
- The formation of the ability to empathize with failures and rejoice in the success of comrades.
- Nurturing self-confidence, the need to unlock potential.
- The formation of the ability to control their behavior.
The educational goals of a history lesson may consist in building respect for the Fatherland. Within the framework of the subject, the teacher acquaints children with the events taking place in the country, highlighting certain qualities of the people. Indicative in this sense is the period of the Second World War. The educational goals of a Russian lesson can also consist in instilling respect for the motherland. However, in the framework of this subject the emphasis is more on the need to develop a proper attitude to speech. The educational goals of the Russian language lesson are also associated with the formation of dialogue skills and listening to the interlocutor. Children should strive to exercise restraint in their statements.
Similar can be called the educational goals of the lesson of literature. In the framework of this subject, emphasis is placed on a comparative analysis of the behavior of certain heroes, the formulation of their own assessment of their actions. The educational goals of a mathematics lesson involve the formation of such qualities as concentration, perseverance, responsibility for the result. In group work, children improve their interaction skills with each other. In particular, this is manifested when using game forms of occupation. The educational goal of an informatics lesson involves instilling in children an understanding of the difference between the virtual and the real world. They should be aware that the factual lack of responsibility in the network does not mean that moral and ethical standards accepted in society can be ignored.
The educational objectives of the English lesson are focused on instilling respect for another culture. When studying the characteristics of communication in another country, children form an idea of the mentality, moral values, ethical standards adopted in it. This will come in handy in the future.