Retail trade occupies an important place in the overall process of product sales. Today there are many varieties of such objects. Their activities are regulated by law. This allows you to make trade civilized, consistent with all modern requirements. The retail market is a special structure. Its features and functions will be discussed later.
General definition
Federal Law No. 271 regulates the activities of markets. He gives a definition of similar objects. The retail market is a property complex that operates to sell various goods or provide services to the end consumer. At such facilities, prices are determined at the conclusion of the relevant sales contracts, as well as household type agreements. There are always trading places in the market.
There are several different types of categories presented. They differ in a number of characteristics. The retail market is a system that complies with the law. It is organized according to established rules.
First, a plan is created and approved. The territory is outlined. Further, its layout is developed. The number of individual structures, their number and type affiliation is indicated. Planning is carried out in accordance with urban planning, architectural, construction standards. The territory is selected in accordance with the rules established for such objects.
When creating a market, they are guided by the needs of the population in a particular product in a particular area. Next, choose which type of trading platform will be most relevant here. The plan developed by the relevant organizations is approved by the state authorities of the region, courts.
Only a legal entity organizes the market. Its registration is carried out in the manner prescribed by law. This organization will subsequently hand over trading places in the market. A contract is concluded with persons who will conduct their activities here. They are provided with retail space for rent.
Varieties. Universal market
Wholesale and retail can operate in four types. Each of them differs in certain characteristics. These can be universal, specialized, agricultural and cooperative markets.
Universal varieties have a certain structure. About 80% of this market is occupied by counters that sell products of different classes. It is determined by the nomenclature list of goods, which is established by the relevant authority for this type.
Universal markets allow here to carry out their activities for many business entities. Not only foodstuffs can be sold there, but also household goods, clothes. Most markets in the Russian Federation belong to the category of universal.
For consumers, such a trading platform opens up many opportunities. They can purchase almost all the necessary goods on the territory of this market. This, for example, can be food, household chemicals, clothes, appliances, dishes. The list of products can be extensive.
The wholesale and retail market is characterized by the presence of an established range of goods. This concept refers to the total number of groups and categories of products that are offered by sellers or manufacturers. The nomenclature of goods is approved by the Ministry of Economy of the Russian Federation. For this order was issued No. 56 of 02.26.07.
Specialized market
The functioning of retail markets can be carried out according to other schemes. They are less common than the universal variety. So, there is a specialized market. At such a trading platform, 80% of the counters are occupied by products of the same class. This, for example, may be building materials, stationery, food, and more.
A separate category is the specialized markets that do not have a trading platform as such. Sales of products are carried out at a distance, for example, via the Internet, mail, or delivered to the consumer through a network of intermediaries to the consumer. This, for example, could be a retail energy market.
Agricultural markets
Considering the main provisions of retail markets, you should consider another category of their organization. These are trading platforms on which the sale or purchase of agricultural goods is carried out. Relatively homogeneous products are sold here. It is produced by agricultural enterprises. The list of products that can be presented on such a market is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. This may be food, finished products of agricultural enterprises of various profiles, clothing, art products and crafts.
A cooperative market can be organized on the basis of an agricultural trading platform. In this case, the person managing the market is registered as a consumer cooperative. His actions are subject to law. The list of products is designated by authorized federal executive bodies.
Competencies
The functioning of retail markets is carried out in accordance with established legislation. The relevant provisions regulate which goods are included and not included in retail trade. They should be considered in more detail.
So, in turn include, in addition to the value of goods sold for cash, a number of other income. These can be products sold by mail (payment is made by bank transfer) or on credit.
Also, products that have been commissioned are included in the total turnover. In this case, it is important whether the seller is the owner of the goods or only an intermediary in the process of its sale. Payment is made in the form of commissions or at the full cost of the product.
The turnover includes goods sold according to durable samples at a discount (for certain segments of the population), by subscription (print). This includes the cost of packaging material, containers that were not included in the price.
The rules of the retail market do not allow to include in the turnover the cost of products that do not withstand the service life guaranteed by the manufacturer, as well as travel coupons, tickets for any kind of transport. The organization and functioning of such trading floors is regulated by law. All organizations that conduct settlement operations must have special cash registers. It does not depend on the form and method of trading.
Types of trade
Studying the main provisions of the retail markets, it should be noted several main types of trade. They are characterized by a number of features. The first group includes delivery trade. It is carried out outside the fixed network. For its implementation, special equipment is used that can only function on the basis of the vehicle. For example, it can be a mobile bakery or coffee shop.
The category of mobile retail trade may include special car dealerships, hand carts, and automatic machines that distribute or distribute products.
The second category belongs to distribution trade. This is a special kind, which is also carried out outside the boundaries of the stationary retail network. At the same time, the seller contacts the buyer directly at home or at his work, in transport, on the street. Employees of organizations that carry out this type of sales are also called "salespeople."
Parcel type trading falls into the third category. It is carried out by orders. They are mailed. This type of trade is very popular today and is gaining momentum.
The fourth category includes commission trading. This is the sale of non-food items sold by agents. They receive products from third parties (they are intermediaries). An agreement is concluded between these entities. Within a certain period, the owner of the product has the right to it. If he does not pick up his goods, the agent sells it.
The fifth category is the sale of products according to samples. The buyer is familiarized with the products, which are presented in the form of samples. It can also be described in detail in catalogs, directories, prospectuses and other media.
Retail electricity market
What is it and what are its features? There are special provisions for the functioning of retail electricity markets. A similar category of product sales stands out from the total mass of food and non-food products.
The retail electricity market is the sphere of activity in which the purchase and sale of capacity is carried out. It can be electric or thermal energy. At the same time, the energy supplying organization supplies its products directly to the consumer.
The main provisions of the retail electricity markets are regulated by law No. 442 of 05/04/12, which was approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. All interactions between the supplier and the consumer are clearly established in this document.
Participants in this market can be directly consumers, as well as performing utilities. The latter acquire electricity for further supply to its users. Participants in this market may be suppliers who provide guarantees, independent energy distribution companies. This includes subjects that for a number of reasons cannot be considered participants in the wholesale trade or have lost such a status.
Another category of subjects of the presented market may be network organizations, system operators. This category includes legal entities that are owners of electric grid facilities.
Energy Pricing
The retail electricity market is characterized by a specific approach to pricing products. Cost can be regulated and unregulated. For different categories of consumers, their approach is applied. This process is regulated by relevant legislation.
Regulated prices are applied in the case of energy supply to the population or groups of consumers that are equated to it. For this, a tariff is approved. It is established by the relevant executive authority. Regional services carry out the approval of tariffs and make settlements with organizations that sell energy resources. Similar organizations set premiums on electricity supplies to consumers.
Unregulated prices are free. They apply to consumers who do not belong to the population category. It can be industrial organizations, companies and societies. In this case, the cost of electricity is not subject to charging. The procedure for carrying out such calculations is regulated by the relevant legislative acts.
Settlements with consumers are carried out in one of 6 price categories. The consumer can choose the most favorable conditions for energy supply. If you make the wrong choice, the overpayment will be substantial. Therefore, you need to consider all the proposals, and then choose the best option.
Organization Rules
The organization of the retail market is carried out in accordance with legislative acts approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. According to their provisions, trade is carried out on the basis of agreements. They prescribe prices, as well as the conditions under which the purchase or sale of goods is carried out.
Similar objects can be organized according to different templates. The most effective of them are supermarkets, grocery stores, department stores, minimarkets, as well as markets in which manufactured goods are sold. They can be combined or specialized.
On the retail space, the product range may vary significantly depending on the type of retail market. The most extensive are department stores. Next, they are followed by supermarkets and grocery stores. The smallest area is a minimarket. The larger the area of the object, the wider the range of goods.
Requirements for the Services Provided
Considering the main provisions of the functioning of retail markets, it should be noted several requirements that are put forward by legislation to conduct market trading. After approval of the market plan, issues of its protection, as well as the safety of its operation, are resolved. All participants in trade relations must comply with the requirements of the law, act in accordance with the concluded agreements.
Sellers are required to use cash registers. A register of sellers is maintained, as well as contracts that were concluded with them. They are issued cards. Inspections of trading places are carried out periodically, the compliance of sellers' actions with the agreements that were concluded with them. Daily monitoring of compliance of the workplace, products with the requirements of the law is carried out. If violations are detected, trade at this workplace is prohibited. Verification is carried out before the market opens.
Having considered the features of the organization of the presented type of trade, we can say that the retail market is a special system of relations between sellers and end consumers. Its functioning is regulated by law, which ensures the security of the exchange in the process of selling various goods and services.